Depictions of the effects of amlodipine (A), HCTZ (B) and prazosin (C) on CO, TPR and MAP by the drug-independent CVS model. Data are from Study 2 in which vehicle and a different dose of amlodipine (0.3, 1, 3 and 10 mg·kg−1 p.o.), HCTZ (0.1, 0.3, 1 and 3 mg·kg−1 p.o.) or prazosin (0.04, 0.2, 1 and 5 mg·kg−1 p.o.) was administered on separate days. The grey and black dots represent the observations of two different rats. The continuous lines represent the individual prediction by the developed drug-independent CVS model after the administration of amlodipine.