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Pain relief and freedom at 15, 30, 60 and 90 minutes following initiation of full, sub-perception, and sham SPG stimulation (F, SP, and S, respectively). Stimulation was used at initial pain scores of moderate (Categorical Pain Score (CPS) = 2), severe (CPS = 3), and very severe (CPS = 4). SPG: sphenopalatine ganglion.
