Figure 5. GWA analysis of Al tolerance within and across 56 cultivated and 110 Tibetan wild subgroups.

Four root parameters were applied for evaluating Al tolerance: TRG (×), RTRG (□), LRG (+) and RLRG (□;). GWA analysis was firstly conducted using three different methods: Q, k and Q+k methods. Then, k method was selected to perform GWA analysis in cultivated and Tibetan wild subgroups individually. Significant associations were identified using criterion of −log10(P) >2 or 3.