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Parasitism did not induce different behavioral treatment by colony nestmates. The rate of behavioral acts or interactions did not differ between Nosema-infected and control bees (A and B), and Varroa-infested and control bees (C and D) (Mann–Whitney tests, P > 0.05 for each behavior). The experiment was performed on two colonies (19–20 bees/state in the Nosema experiment and 12 bees/state in the Varroa experiment).
