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. 2013 Jul 17;13:25. doi: 10.1186/1472-6785-13-25

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Copyright © 2013 McDonnell et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Deformed wing virus titers increased in the honey bee brain with parasitism. Viral titers are expressed as the total number of tags in a sample for each colony individually (Colony 1 and Colony 2). Deformed wing virus (DWV) levels were significantly higher in Varroa-infested bees compared to Nosema- and control bees (Generalized Linear Model with Cox-Reid method for estimating dispersion; Varroa vs. control: P < 0.05, Varroa vs. Nosema:P < 0.01), while increased DWV levels in Nosema-infested bees were marginally significant (P < 0.10). Varroa destructor virus (VDV) titers did not differ between parasitized and control bees (For P-values see Additional file 5: Table S6.)