Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants
| Variable | Controls (n = 169) | PCOS (n = 275) | pa | pb |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 25.78 ± 0.46 | 24.8 ± 0.30 | 0.13 | 0.146 |
| Weight (kg) | 54.69 ± 0.93 | 59.27 ± 0.88 | 0.0006 | 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.79 ± 0.38 | 25.32 ± 0.35 | 1.61 × 10−6 | 3.47 × 10−6 |
| Waist (cm) | 76.29 ± 0.83 | 80.14 ± 0.74 | 0.0008 | 0.0012 |
| Hip (cm) | 96.86 ± 0.89 | 98.92 ± 0.73 | 0.074 | 0.086 |
| WHR | 0.79 ± 0.004 | 0.81 ± 0.003 | 0.0002 | 0.0003 |
| FBS (mg/dl) | 86.04 ± 0.54 | 88.52 ± 0.61 | 0.0049 | 0.0069 |
| 2 h glucose (mg/dl) | 92.22 ± 1.23 | 102.72 ± 1.23 | 6.984 × 10−9 | 1.63 × 10−8 |
| Fasting insulin (μIU/ml) | 9.94 ± 0.40 | 14.8 ± 0.56 | 1.859 × 10−9 | 6.51 × 10−9 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.11 ± 0.09 | 3.31 ± 0.14 | 4.426 × 10−6 | 1.13 × 10−8 |
| HOMA-B (%) | 175.41 ± 9.94 | 232.01 ± 10.20 | 2.654 × 10−5 | 7.43 × 10−9 |
| QUICKI | 0.35 ± 0.002 | 0.33 ± 0.002 | 2.208 × 10−9 | 6.87 × 10−9 |
| FSH (μU/ml) | 7.22 ± 0.18 | 6.46 ± 0.12 | 0.0007 | 0.0011 |
| LH (μU/ml) | 4.88 ± 0.16 | 10.64 ± 0.34 | <2.2 × 10−16 | 1.03 × 10−15 |
| LH:FSH | 0.72 ± 0.03 | 1.76 ± 0.06 | <2.2 × 10−16 | 1.03 × 10−15 |
| TSH (μU/ml) | 2.34 ± 0.14 | 2.37 ± 0.09 | 0.419 | 0.434 |
| TT (ng/dl) | 43 ± 1.50 | 68.41 ± 2.27 | <2.2 × 10−16 | 1.03 × 10−15 |
| SHBG (nmol/l) | 85.21 ± 3.19 | 59.77 ± 2.41 | 2.28 × 10−13 | 9.12 × 10−13 |
| FAI | 2.17 ± 0.11 | 5.6 ± 0.29 | <2.2 × 10−16 | 1.03 × 10−15 |
| FT (pmol/l) | 15.42 ± 0.62 | 33.78 ± 1.38 | <2.2 × 10−16 | 1.03 × 10−15 |
| Bio-T (nmol/l) | 0.36 ± 0.02 | 0.8 ± 0.03 | <2.2 × 10−16 | 1.03 × 10−15 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 149.24 ± 2.16 | 149.95 ± 1.84 | 0.911 | 0.911 |
| HDL-C (mg/dl) | 50.68 ± 1.30 | 43.93 ± 1.04 | 6.431 × 10−5 | 0.0001 |
| TG (mg/dl) | 83.87 ± 2.54 | 94.22 ± 2.57 | 0.019 | 0.024 |
| LDL (mg/dl) | 81.39 ± 1.83 | 86.92 ± 1.51 | 0.039 | 0.0472 |
| Apo A-1 (mg/dl) | 109.39 ± 3.10 | 97.42 ± 2.31 | 0.0002 | 0.0004 |
| Apo B (mg/dl) | 62.31 ± 1.40 | 62.57 ± 1.52 | 0.308 | 0.332 |
| Apo B:ApoA-1 | 0.63 ± 0.02 | 0.73 ± 0.02 | 0.015 | 0.021 |
| Amenorrhea | 0 (0) | 152 (55) | – | – |
| Oligomenorrhea | 0 (0) | 92 (34) | – | – |
| Regular menstrual cycle | 169 (100) | 31 (11) | – | – |
| Hirsutism | 0 (0) | 159 (57.82) | – | – |
| Acne | 2 (1) | 169 (61.45) | – | – |
| Acanthosis Nigricans | 0 (0) | 112 (40.73) | – | – |
| Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) | 0 (0) | 29 (10.36) | – | – |
| Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) | 0 (0) | 12 (4.29) | – | – |
Data are given as mean ± S.E or n (%). pa values obtained by comparison of variables between controls and PCOS by Student’s t test. pb values are obtained after adjusting for multiple testing. The statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05 for both pa and pb
BMI body mass index, WHR waist to hip ratio, FBS fasting glucose, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance, HOMA-B homeostasis model assessment for beta cell function, QUICKI quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, TT total testosterone, FT free testosterone, Bio-T bioavailable testosterone, SHBG sex hormone binding globulin, FAI free androgen index, HDL-C High density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG Triglycerides, LDL low density lipoprotein, ApoA-1 Apolipoprotein A-1, Apo B Apolipoprotein B