Table 1.
Brain and behavioral effects of BPA on rodent models.
| Behavioral measurement | BPA effect | Species | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Brain effects | |||
| AVPV, TH-immunoreactive cell number | increased in males with BPA injections in PND 1 & 2 | Sprague–Dawley rats | Patisaul et al., 2006 |
| AVPV, TH-immunoreactive cell number | Exposure during gestation and lactation, BPA decreases cell numbers in females | CD-1 mice | Rubin et al. 2006 |
| Midbrain, TH immunostaining | decreased in males after in utero exposure | ICR mice | Tanida et al. 2009 |
| SDN, volume and cell number | number of calbinbin cells increased in males after neonatal BPA treatment | Sprague–Dawley rats | Patisaul et al. 2007 |
| Substantia nigra, TH immunostaining | decreased density of neurons in females exposed during pregnancy and lactation | ddY strain mice | Tando et al. 2007 |
| Sexual behavior | |||
| Female Lordosis | no change | Long–Evans and Wistar rats | Adewale et al. 2009; Monje et al. 2009; Ryan et al. 2010 |
| Female behavior in paced mating test | Decreased exit latencies and increased lordosis frequency in females exposed prior to or after birth | Sprague–Dawley rats | Farabollini et al. 2002 |
| Proceptive hopping and darting | Decreased in females exposed to BPA | Wistar rats | Monje et al. 2009 |
| Male sexual behavior | post natal treatment increased intromissions, prenatal treatment increased latency to intromissions | Sprague–Dawley rats | Farabollini et al. 2002 |
| Social Behavior | |||
| Social preference | unaffected in adult males or females | Sprague–Dawley rats | Farabollini et al. 2002 |
| Social preference | decreased in juvenile males treated in utero | C57BL/6J mice | Cox et al., 2010 |
| Juvenile play in rats | BPA during gestation and 1 week after birth increased play directed toward females | Sprague–Dawley rats | Dessi-Fulgheri et al. 2002 |
| Juvenile play in rats | social play decreased in juvenile females exposed to BPA during gestation and lactation | Sprague–Dawley rats | Porrini et al. 2005 |
| Learning and memory | |||
| Morris Water Maze | life-long exposure to BPA reduced memory for escape platform in females | Fischer 344 rats | Carr et al. 2003 |
| Morris Water Maze | males exposed to BPA during gestation and until PN21 took longer to escape and had reduced memory for escape platform | ICR mice | Xu et al., 2010 |
| Passive avoidance task | impaired learning in males | ICR mice | Xu et al., 2010 |
| Active avoidance task | males exposed during gestation and lactation were slower to learn | F344/N rats | Negishi et al. 2004 |
| Barnes Maze, Radial Arm Maze, Passive Avoidance | no effect | C57/BL-6 mice, F344/N rats | Ryan and Vandenbergh 2006; Negishi et al 2004 |
| Anxiety and novelty | |||
| Elevated Plus Maze | loss of sexual dimorphism in time in center and number of rears | CD-1 mice | Rubin et al. 2006 |
| Elevated Plus Maze | 4 daily injections starting at birth lead to decreased number of entries into and time spent in open arms in males | Long–Evans rats | Patisaul and Bateman 2008 |
| Elevated Plus Maze | reduced the time spent in the distal end of the open arms | C57BL/6J mice | Cox et al., 2010 |
| Elevated Plus Maze | males and females from dams ingesting BPA from gestational day 11 until PN8 did not display sex differences but controls did | CD-1 mice | Gioiosa et al. 2007 |
| Elevated Plus Maze | females exposed from gestation to weaning had reduced the time spent in the open arms | C57/BL-6 mice | Ryan and Vandenbergh 2006 |
| Novelty preference | females whose dams were given daily BPA treatment from gestation until weaning had less interest in a novel arena | Sprague Dawley rats | Adriani et al. 2003 |
| Novelty preference | males and females quicker to enter novel arena | CD-1 mice | Gioiosa et al. 2007 |
| Impulsivity task | BPA given to dams throughout gestation and until weaning males displayed more nose poking | Sprague–Dawley rats | Adriani et al. 2003 |
| Exploratory activity | Dams treated during gestation and lactation offspring less exploration | Wistar rats | Poimenova et al. 2010 |
| Corticosterone levels | basal levels higher in females and in both sexes exposed to novel environment | Wistar rats | Poimenova et al. 2010 |
| Mother–infant interactions | |||
| Maternal behavior | BPA given to dams throughout pregnancy and lactation reduced duration of licking and grooming of pups | Sprague–Dawley rats | Della Seta et al. 2005 |
| Maternal behavior | Dams received BPA on gestational days 14–18 and showed a number of changes in maternal behavior | CD-1 mice | Palanza et al. 2002 |
| Maternal behavior | BPA exposed moms treat males offspring similar to female offspring | Cynomolgus monkey | Nakagami et al. 2009 |