Table 4.

Adjusted Odds Ratios for Adverse Neonatal Outcomes by Mode of Delivery^*

	Forceps-Assisted Vaginal Delivery Compared With Vacuum-Assisted Vaginal Delivery	Forceps-Assisted Vaginal Delivery Compared With Cesarean Delivery	Vacuum-Assisted Vaginal Delivery Compared With Cesarean Delivery
Cephalohematoma or scalp laceration	0.33 (0.17–0.62)	1.16 (0.62–2.17)	3.54 (2.40–5.23)
Fracture	0.93 (0.72–1.20)	5.93 (4.51–7.80)	6.55 (5.06–8.49)
Facial nerve palsy	16.52 (7.19–37.93)	27.95 (16.57–47.16)	1.78 (0.69–4.57)
Brachial plexus injury	1.20 (0.86–1.68)	50.98 (25.13–103.44)	49.92 (24.60–101.28)
Intraventricular hemorrhage	0.93 (0.35–2.45)	0.78 (0.35–1.71)	0.86 (0.44–1.71)
Subdural hemorrhage	0.78 (0.44–1.36)	2.17 (1.30–3.63)	2.94 (1.90–4.53)
Neonatal seizures	0.45 (0.26–0.78)	0.45 (0.26–0.78)	0.93 (0.69–1.27)
5-min Apgar score less than 7	0.61 (0.45–0.83)	0.52 (0.40–0.68)	0.84 (0.67–1.02)
Neurologic complication†	0.60 (0.40–0.90)	0.68 (0.48–0.97)	1.17 (0.91–1.52)

Data are odds ratio (95% confidence interval).

^*Adjusted for maternal age, race, education, insurance status, prepregnancy weight, diabetes, small for gestational age, and gestational age at birth.

^†Includes seizure, intraventricular hemorrhage, and subdural hemorrhage.