Table 2.

Prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL) and insufficiency (<32 ng/mL) in various athletic populations.

Type of Athlete	Indoor/Outdoor	Gender	Vitamin D Status	Reference
Finnish military recruits	Combination	Male	39% deficient	Valimaki et al. [8]
UK professional athletes (jockeys, rugby, soccer)	Combination	Male	62% deficient	Close et al. [39]
UK athletes (football, rugby)	Combination	Male	57% deficient	Close et al. [40]
Middle Eastern sportsman	Combination	Male	32% insufficient 58% deficient	Hamilton et al. [33]
Australian gymnasts	Indoor	Female	33% insufficient	Lovell [36]
Israeli athletes & dancers	Indoor	Male & Female	73% insufficient	Constantini et al. [35]
USA indoor/outdoor athletes	Combination	Male & Female	12% insufficient	Halliday et al. [37]
USA endurance athletes (runners)	Outdoor	Male & Female	42% insufficient 11% deficient	Willis et al. [2]
USA outdoor athletes (rugby, football, track, cross country)	Outdoor	Male	25% insufficient	Storlie et al. [38]