. 2013 May 29;5(6):1869–1912. doi: 10.3390/nu5061869

Table 3.

Probiotic strains, prebiotics and synbiotics differentially modulate immunopathology.

Pathology	Response	Probiotic/Prebiotic	References
Crohn’s	↓ IFN-γ, IL-12	F. prausnitzii	[160]
Crohn’s	↑ IL-10	Fructo-oligasaccharides	[167]
Ulcerative colitis	↓ IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-12	L. plantarum 299v	[168]
	↓ IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-12	LGG	[169]
	↑ IL-10	LGG	[169]
	↓ β-defensins, TNF-α, IL-1, CRP	B. longum/Synergy 1	[170]
	↓ CRP	B. longum/psyllium	[171]
	↓ adherence of B. vulgatas	LGG	[172]
	↓ expression of tight junction proteins	VSL#3	[172]
	↓ tissue inflammation	VSL#3	[173]
	↑ no. γδ IEL ↓ no. γδ T-cells in lamina propria ↑ no. T-regs	L. acidophilus + B. longum	[87]
	Reshape microbiota composition	VSL#3	[174]
Colorectal Cancer	↓ aberrant crypt formation ↓ cecal pH	Bifidobacteria+ Lactobacilli + Inulin+ Oligofructose	[175]
Colorectal Cancer	↑ SCFA production ↓ IL-2 and iNOS	Bifidobacteria+ Lactobacilli + Inulin + Oligofructose	[176]
Colorectal Cancer	↓ H₂O₂ ↓ tissue inflammation ↑ catalase activity	L. lactis	[177]
	↓ IL-2 and iNOS	B. lactis	[176]
	↓ IL-2 and iNOS	L. rhamnosus	[178]
	↑ angiostatin ↑ no. CD4+ T-cells ↑ IL-17 and TNF-α	VSL#3	[179]
	↓ CXCR4 mRNA expression ↓ MHC-class 1 ↓ tumour growth ↑ CT-26 cancer cell apoptosis	L. acidophilus	[180]
Allergy	↓ IL-4 and IL-5	L. plantarum	[122]
	↑ IL-12 and IFN-γ	L. lactis	[181]
	↑ IL-12 and IFN-γ	L. plantarum	[128]
	↓ IL-5, IL-4 and IL-13	B. breve + oligosaccharide	[182]
	↑ no. CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺ T-regs	AhR ligand (TCDD)	[89]
	↓ IL-12 ↔ no. T-regs	B. breve + oligosaccharide	[183]
	↑ no. bifidobacteria colonies ↓ no. Clostridium colonies ↓ faecal pH ↔ IgE ↔ levels of acetic acid	B. breve + oligosaccharide	[184]
Coeliac	↑ no. CD4+ T-cells ↑ IFN-γ	L. casei	[185]
	↑ transepithelial resistance	B. lactis	[186]
	↑ IL-12 and IFN-γ	Shigella CBD8	[187]
	↑ TNF-α	B. bifidum L. paracasei L. fermentum	[187] [188]

Overview of studies documenting the role of probiotic strains, prebiotics and synbiotic formulations and their effects on Crohn’s disease, Ulcerative colitis, colorectal cancer, allergy and coeliac’s disease. All studies are human studies detailing potential modulation of a variety of disease markers and immunological functional readouts. Arrows indicate decreases (↓), increases (↑) or no change (↔).