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BGF treatment upregulated TGF-β1 expression and activated TGF-β1-induced smad signaling. (a) TGF-β1 expression in the kidney of mice was evaluated by RT-PCR. (b) Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM of three separate experiments. *P < 0.05 as compared to the control. (c) The phosphorylated forms of smad2 and smad3 were analyzed by Western blot, using either rabbit anti-p-smad2 or rabbit anti-p-smad3 and total rabbit anti-smad2/3 antibody.
