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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jul 29.
Published in final edited form as: J Androl. 2011 Jun 16;33(2):133–144. doi: 10.2164/jandrol.111.013987

Table.

Current well-characterized mouse models for prostate cancer

Model Genetic Manipulation Pathology Translational Significance References
Pten Germline knockout Homozygous deletion
  results in embryonic
  lethality (E9.5). 50% of
  heterozygotes develop
  multifocal PIN, dysplasia,
  and carcinogenesis.		 Progression from early
  stage PIN to metastatic
  adenocarcinoma
  (conditional knockout).		 Di Cristofano et al, 2001;
  Podsypanina et al, 1999;
  Di Cristofano and Pandolfi, 2000; Shen and Abate-Shen, 2007
Conditional knockout Homozygous deletion
  results in high–grade
  PIN with advancement
  to invasive metastasis.		 Wang et al, 2003; Backman et al, 2004
Nkx3.1 Germline knockout Homozygous deletion
  results in prostatic
  hyperplasia and
  neoplasia. Heterozygotes
  develop similar but less
  severe phenotypes.		 PIN development parallels
  that seen in early human
  disease.		 Bhatia-Gaur et al, 1999;
  Abdulkadir et al, 2002;
  Kim et al, 2002a; Asatiani et al, 2005; Abate-Shen et al, 2008
Conditional knockout Homozygotes develop
  PIN.		 Abdulkadir et al, 2002
Pten/Nkx3.1 Compound deletion
  (Nkx3.1−/−, Pten+/−)		 High-grade PIN by 6 mo
  ith progression to
  adenocarcinogenesis
  and invasive metastasis.		 Progression to poorly
  differentiated, multifocal
  adenocarcinoma.
  Development of CRPC
  following androgen
  ablation.		 Kim et al, 2002b; Park et al, 2002; Abate-Shen et al, 2003, 2008
TRAMP SV40 transgene
  expression		 Progressive PIN by 6 wk.
  Invasive
  adenocarcinoma and
  metastasis by 6 mo,
  with 100% penetrance
  y 24 mo.		 Progression to invasive
  metastasis. Skeletal
  metastasis is unique
  to this model. 80% of
  castrated animals
  develop CRPC.		 Gingrich et al, 1996; Green et al, 1998; Kaplan-Lefko et al, 2003; Winter et al, 2003; Klein, 2005; Jeet et al, 2010
LADY SV40 transgene
  expression		 Neoplasia PIN by 10 wk.
  Undifferentiated
  adenocarcinoma with
  neuroendocrine
  differentiation by 20 wk.		 Progression from initial
  androgen-dependent
  regression to
  androgen-independent
  relapse following
  castration.		 Kasper et al, 1998;
  Masumori et al, 2001;
  Klein, 2005

Abbreviations: CRPC, castration-resistant prostate cancer; E9.5, embryonic day 9.5; PIN, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia.