Table 1.
Descriptive Data for Individual Risk Items and the Cumulative Risk Score
| Risk-score item | M | SD | Range | Risk present (%) | Criterion for risk being considered present |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prematurity | — | — | — | 4.3 | Less than 37 weeks gestational age |
| Perinatal medical complications | — | — | — | 20 | Any medical complication (excluding jaundice) |
| Marital status | — | — | — | 26.7 | Single mother status at 5 or 17 months |
| Maternal education | — | — | — | 20 | Less than a college education at 17 months |
| Household income | — | — | — | 62.5 | Less than $20,000 at 5 or 17 months |
| Infant negative emotionality (Garstein & Rothbart, 2003) | 0.07 | 2.37 | −6.18–8.21 | 13.7 | Score ≥ 1 SD above the mean: (activity level + distress to limitations + fear) − (smiling + soothability) |
| Caregiver depression (Radloff, 1977) | |||||
| 5 months | 10.40 | 8.77 | 0–37 | 38.8 | CES-D score above 16 (clinical cutoff) at 5 or 17 months |
| 17 months | 12.09 | 9.38 | 0–44 | 38.8 | — |
| Family resources (Dunst & Leet, 1987) | 136.24 | 17.22 | 86–174 | 15.1 | Score ≤ 1 SD below the mean |
| Chaos (Matheny, Wachs, Ludwig, & Phillips, 1995) | 2.24 | 0.61 | 1–4 | 14.1 | Score ≥ 1 SD above the mean |
| Cumulative risk scorea | 2.06 | 1.53 | 0–6 | — | — |
Note: CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale.
a
Each dyad received 1 point for each risk item for which the criterion was met.