Table 2.

Various inflammatory biomarkers (Gene) and brief descriptions

Gene biomarker	Description	Increased/Decreased/Remained constant after surgery
S-TnT	Part of the troponin complex	Increased to 1.26 μg/L1 day after surgery; decreased to .52 μg/L 4 days after surgery [33]
NSE	Enzyme; levels increase after brain damage	Rises to 20.2 ng/mL postoperatively but returns to normal levels 48 h postop [44]
HSP 70	Helps with protein folding and transport	Increased to about 2000 pg/mL during surgery but decreased to 0 by 19 hrs postop [45]
TLRs	Signaling receptors for HSPs	Decreased during operation but increased postop [45]
TNF-α	Quantity correlated to the quantity of HSP70	Increased in both MUF and non-MUF groups during surgery; normalized 24 h postop [40]
IL-1ra	Inflammatory cytokine	Clear rise in both MUF and non-MUF groups. Reached peak 6 hrs postop in both groups but returned to baseline levels 12 hrs postop in MUF group, while staying at a higher level in the non-MUF group [40]
IL-8	Neutrophil chemotactic and activating factor	Levels did not change much in group with SIRS but increased to about 46 pg/mL in the group with MODS and continued to decrease after [46]
IL-18	Induce chemokines. Involved in inflammatory response following extracorporeal circulation	Remained constant in group with SIRS but increased to 300 pg/mL 1 day postop and remained about that level in group with MODS [46]
IL-1β	Biologically inactive precursor molecule	In the MUF group, IL-1β rose to max levels post-op. Fell significantly post-op and remained at these levels. IL-1β levels remained constant [40]
IL-6	Quantity correlated to the quantity of HSP70	Levels rose after surgery to about 100 pg/mL and remained through days 1 and 2 after surgery [47]