Table 3.
Risk Estimatesa for Coronary Heart Disease Among 53,772 Participants in the Nurses’ Health Study, 1986–2008, United States
| Intervention by Outcome | 22-Year Risk, % | Population Risk Ratio | Risk Ratio | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total coronary heart diseaseb | ||||
| No intervention | 3.9 | 1 | ||
| 0 Fish servings/week | 4.1 | 1.08 | 1 | |
| ≥1 Fish serving/week | 3.8 | 0.98 | 0.91 | 0.83, 1.00 |
| ≥2 Fish servings/week | 3.6 | 0.94 | 0.87 | 0.76, 0.98 |
| ≥3 Fish servings/week | 3.4 | 0.88 | 0.82 | 0.67, 0.95 |
| ≥5 Fish servings/week | 3.4 | 0.88 | 0.82 | 0.61, 1.07 |
| Meat replaced with fish to attain ≥1 serving/week | 3.8 | 0.98 | 0.91 | 0.83, 1.01 |
| Meat replaced with fish to attain ≥2 servings/week | 3.6 | 0.92 | 0.86 | 0.75, 0.97 |
| Meat replaced with fish to attain ≥3 servings/week | 3.4 | 0.88 | 0.81 | 0.68, 0.95 |
| Meat replaced with fish to attain ≥5 servings/week | 3.4 | 0.88 | 0.81 | 0.62, 1.05 |
| Nonfatal coronary heart diseasec | ||||
| No intervention | 2.3 | 1 | ||
| 0 Fish servings/week | 2.5 | 1.05 | 1 | |
| ≥1 Fish serving/week | 2.3 | 0.99 | 0.94 | 0.82, 1.07 |
| ≥2 Fish servings/week | 2.2 | 0.93 | 0.88 | 0.74, 1.07 |
| ≥3 Fish servings/week | 2.1 | 0.90 | 0.86 | 0.69, 1.07 |
| ≥5 Fish servings/week | 2.3 | 0.98 | 0.93 | 0.64, 1.30 |
| Meat replaced with fish to attain ≥1 serving/week | 2.3 | 0.98 | 0.94 | 0.82, 1.06 |
| Meat replaced with fish to attain ≥2 servings/week | 2.2 | 0.94 | 0.90 | 0.74, 1.06 |
| Meat replaced with fish to attain ≥3 servings/week | 2.1 | 0.90 | 0.86 | 0.69, 1.06 |
| Meat replaced with fish to attain ≥5 servings/week | 2.2 | 0.97 | 0.92 | 0.61, 1.26 |
| Fatal coronary heart diseased | ||||
| No intervention | 1.7 | 1 | ||
| 0 Fish servings/week | 1.9 | 1.10 | 1 | |
| ≥1 Fish serving/week | 1.6 | 0.97 | 0.88 | 0.74, 1.00 |
| ≥2 Fish servings/week | 1.5 | 0.87 | 0.80 | 0.65, 0.97 |
| ≥3 Fish servings/week | 1.4 | 0.80 | 0.73 | 0.57, 0.94 |
| ≥5 Fish servings/week | 1.3 | 0.72 | 0.66 | 0.36, 0.98 |
| Meat replaced with fish to attain ≥1 serving/week | 1.7 | 0.97 | 0.89 | 0.75, 1.00 |
| Meat replaced with fish to attain ≥2 servings/week | 1.6 | 0.91 | 0.83 | 0.66, 0.97 |
| Meat replaced with fish to attain ≥3 servings/week | 1.4 | 0.83 | 0.76 | 0.58, 0.95 |
| Meat replaced with fish to attain ≥5 servings/week | 1.3 | 0.75 | 0.68 | 0.37, 0.99 |
Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.
a Estimates based on the parametric g-formula adjusted for age, parental history of myocardial infarction, oral contraceptive use, body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)2), smoking, menopausal status, hormone replacement therapy, physical activity, aspirin use, vitamin E supplement use, multivitamin supplement use, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, angina or coronary artery bypass grafting, stroke, and intakes of calories, trans-fats, alcohol, cereal fiber, red meat, and fish.
b Observed risk of 3.7% among 1,865 cases accounting for 528,425 years of person-time.
c Observed risk of 2.2% among 1,145 cases accounting for 541,751 years of person-time.
d Observed risk of 1.6% among 830 cases accounting for 546,230 years of person-time.