Table 1.

Descriptive Characteristics of Mothers of 1,250 Infants With Hypospadias and 3,118 Male Controls, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997–2005

	Cases		Controls
	No.	%a	No.	%a
Maternal race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic white	909	73	194	62
Non-Hispanic black	152	12	364	12
Hispanic	105	8	609	20
Other	84	7	204	7
Maternal education
<High school	98	8	454	15
High school	235	19	786	25
>High school	917	73	1,878	60
Maternal age, years
<25	284	23	1,029	33
25–34	698	56	1,643	53
≥35	268	21	446	14
No. of previous livebirths
0	685	55	1,272	41
1	371	30	1,050	34
≥2	194	16	796	26
Maternal prepregnancy BMIb
Underweight (<18.5)	61	5	189	6
Normal weight (18.5–<25.0)	678	54	1,736	56
Overweight (25–<30.0)	295	24	702	23
Obese (≥30.0)	216	17	491	16
Folic acid-containing supplement intakec
Yes	1,169	94	2,749	88
No	81	6	369	12

Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index.

^a Numbers may not add to 100% because of rounding.

^b BMI: weight (kg)/height (m)².

^c During the month before or the first 3 months of pregnancy.