Table 1.
Means (M) and standard deviations (SD) of descriptive and injunctive norms across time
| Norm type | Baseline
|
1 month follow up
|
2 month follow up
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perceived norm M (SD) | Actual norm M (SD) | Perceived norm M (SD) | Actual norm M (SD) | Perceived norm M (SD) | Actual norm M (SD) | |
| Descriptive norms | ||||||
| 1. Frequency of consumption | 5.00 (1.16) | 3.99 (1.67)a | 4.32 (1.24)b | 3.54 (1.57)b | 4.25 (1.52)b | 3.54 (1.71)b |
| 2. Average drinks per Occasion | 5.98 (1.55) | 5.26 (2.27)a | 4.88 (1.69)b | 4.27 (2.00)b | 4.75 (1.86)b | 4.12 (2.02)b |
| 3. Drinks/week | 6.13 (1.93) | 4.63 (2.58)a | 4.63 (1.90)b | 3.73 (2.04)b | 4.50 (2.05)b | 3.67 (2.17)b |
| 4. Peak drinks in past 30 days | 5.60 (1.60) | 4.65 (2.14)a | 4.46 (1.77)b | 3.56 (1.94)b | 4.24 (1.79)b | 3.48 (1.90)b |
| 5. Heavy episodic events before 2 weeks | 4.35 (1.73) | 3.07 (2.08)a | 3.38 (1.51)b | 2.61 (1.66)b | 3.38 (1.67)b | 2.63 (1.79)b |
| Descriptive norm composite variable | 5.41 (1.23) | 4.32 (1.90)a | 4.33 (1.36)b | 3.54 (1.61)b | 4.23 (1.57)b | 3.49 (1.72)b |
| Injunctive norms | ||||||
| 1. Intoxicated at a party | 5.60 (1.35) | 5.10 (1.71)a | 4.80 (1.55)b | 4.43 (1.68)b | 4.60 (1.73)b | 4.19 (1.89)b |
| 2. Miss class because of hangover | 3.16 (1.69) | 2.07 (1.45)a | 2.76 (1.51)b | 1.97 (1.32) | 2.80 (1.64)b | 2.04 (1.50) |
| 3. Drunk in-season | 4.62 (1.68) | 3.97 (1.99)a | 3.78 (1.61)b | 3.34 (1.76)b | 3.67 (1.71)b | 3.31 (1.78)b |
| 4. Drink within 3 days of game | 3.31 (1.87) | 2.61 (1.96)a | 2.84 (1.57)b | 2.35 (1.61) | 2.92 (1.70)b | 2.40 (1.70) |
| 5. Initiation with alcohol | 4.75 (1.99) | 3.81 (2.27)a | 3.75 (1.94)b | 3.17 (1.97)b | 3.64 (1.95)b | 3.08 (1.97)b |
| Injunctive norm composite variable | 4.28 (1.17) | 3.51 (1.43)a | 3.59 (1.25)b | 3.06 (1.25)b | 3.53 (1.41)b | 3.01 (1.36)b |
N = 524, 543, and 528 for baseline, 1 month and 2 month follow up, respectively.
a
P < 0.001: differences in perceived norms vs. actual drinking behaviour or attitudes at baseline.
b
P < 0.001: differences across time from baseline for same variable type. Response options for each descriptive norm item are found in Appendix I. Response options for each injunctive norm item range from 1 (not acceptable) to 7 (always acceptable).