Table 2.
Multivariate Correlates of Femoral Neck BMD: Areal BMD, Trabecular vBMD, Cortical vBMD
| Variable | Percentage difference in bone mass per unit (95% confidence interval) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unit | aBMD | Trabecular vBMD | Cortical vBMD | |
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (years) | 5 | −0.42 (−0.96, 0.12) | −5.79 (−7.97, −3.60) | −0.21 (−0.61, 0.20) |
| Race | ||||
| White (Ref) | ||||
| African‐American | Yes | 11.87 (9.33, 14.41) | 33.34 (23.02, 43.66) | 3.99 (2.07, 5.92) |
| Asian | Yes | 1.54 (−1.41, 4.50) | 26.03 (14.23, 37.84) | −0.88 (−3.08, 1.32) |
| Hispanic/other | Yes | 0.11 (−2.59, 2.81) | 6.70 (−4.07, 17.48) | 0.01 (−2.00, 2.02) |
| >High school education | Yes | −0.01 (−1.37, 1.34) | 4.04 (−1.45, 9.53) | −0.47 (−1.49, 0.56) |
| Anthropometry | ||||
| Weight (kg) | 10 | 4.87 (4.22, 5.52) | 2.45 (−0.18, 5.09) | 1.02 (0.53, 1.51) |
| Weight change since age 25 (kg) | 11.6 | −1.09 (−1.84, −0.35) | 2.37 (−0.63, 5.37) | −0.51 (−1.07, 0.05) |
| Height (cm) | 10 | −1.33 (−2.35, −0.32) | −2.54 (−6.66, 1.58) | 0.09 (−0.67, 0.86) |
| Height change since age 25 (cm) | 3.0 | −0.92 (−1.48, −0.36) | −4.00 (−6.26, −1.75) | −0.11 (−0.53, 0.31) |
| Lifestyle | ||||
| Past smoking | Yes | −1.29 (−2.37, −0.20) | −8.50 (−12.87, −4.12) | 0.67 (−0.15, 1.48) |
| Alcohol (drinks/week) | 6.6 | 1.36 (0.82, 1.91) | 0.97 (−1.25, 3.18) | 0.56 (0.15, 0.98) |
| Physical activity (PASE) | 67.5 | 0.78 (0.24, 1.32) | 1.73 (−0.47, 3.92) | 0.26 (−0.15, 0.67) |
| Diet | ||||
| Total calcium (mg/day) | 595.8 | 0.46 (−0.07, 0.99) | 3.22 (1.07, 5.37) | −0.23 (−0.63, 0.17) |
| Fracture history (any) | ||||
| Nontrauma fracture | Yes | −3.70 (−5.15, −2.25) | −15.36 (−21.28, −9.45) | −1.5 (−2.60, −0.40) |
| Family history | ||||
| Mother fracture (any) | Yes | −1.44 (−2.70, −0.17) | −5.36 (−10.51, −0.21) | −0.63 (−1.59, 0.33) |
| Father fracture (any) | Yes | −1.15 (−2.62, 0.33) | −1.59 (−7.53, 4.36) | −1.04 (−2.15, 0.07) |
| Medical history | ||||
| Diabetes | Yes | 3.37 (1.51, 5.24) | 16.54 (9.07, 24.01) | 1.90 (0.51, 3.29) |
| Hypertension | Yes | 0.86 (−0.25, 1.97) | 4.63 (0.17, 9.10) | 0.67 (−0.16, 1.50) |
| Hypothyroid | Yes | 2.98 (−0.34, 6.29) | 9.97 (−3.51, 23.46) | 0.12 (−2.40, 2.63) |
| Parkinson's | Yes | −5.91 (−12.49, 0.67) | 1.10 (−26.91, 29.10) | −4.67 (−9.89, 0.55) |
| Kidney stones | Yes | −2.31 (−3.89, −0.73) | −7.42 (−13.72, −1.11) | −0.14 (−1.31, 1.04) |
| Medications | ||||
| Cox‐2 inhibitor | Yes | 3.22 (0.86, 5.57) | 11.01 (1.45, 20.57) | 0.94 (−0.84, 2.72) |
| NSAID | Yes | −0.95 (−2.07, 0.17) | −5.78 (−10.30, −1.26) | 0.15 (−0.69, 0.99) |
| Nonthiazide diuretic | Yes | 1.95 (0.03, 3.87) | 5.31 (−2.45, 13.07) | 0.35 (−1.09, 1.80) |
| Statin | Yes | 1.56 (0.33, 2.78) | 1.47 (−3.44, 6.38) | 0.49 (−0.42, 1.41) |
| SSRI | Yes | −3.25 (−6.51, 0.01) | −8.44 (−21.45, 4.57) | −1.29 (−3.72, 1.13) |
| Thyroid | Yes | −4.69 (−8.13, −1.24) | −13.36 (−27.33, 0.60) | −2.82 (−5.42, −0.22) |
| Corticosteroid (any, inhaled or oral) | Yes | −1.90 (−3.85, 0.05) | −10.78 (−18.59, −2.96) | 0.29 (−1.17, 1.75) |
| Insulin | Yes | −4.25 (−8.87, 0.37) | −26.12 (−44.59, −7.65) | 0.56 (−2.88, 4.00) |
| Neuromuscular | ||||
| Chair stands (seconds) | 3.29 | −0.52 (−1.10, 0.06) | −0.69 (−3.10, 1.72) | −0.53 (−0.98, −0.08) |
| Grip strength (kg) | 8.21 | 0.34 (−0.31, 0.99) | 1.33 (−1.31, 3.98) | −0.41 (−0.90, 0.09) |
Bold = significant at p < .05.