Table 1.

Body characteristics and biochemical, lipid and hormone profile of experimental subjects

	TFA	MSG + TFA	ASP + TFA	ASP + MSG + TFA	Sig.
Body Weight (g)
6-week	20.07 ± 0.43	21.29 ± 0.28	20.94 ± 0.26	21.03 ± 0.32	0.06
17-week	31.58 ± 0.77	32.99 ± 0.59	31.37 ± 0.58	32.36 ± 0.87	0.31
% Weight Change	57.58 ± 2.85	54.91 ± 1.59	50.19 ± 3.44	54.78 ± 2.38	0.27
Adipose Weight (g)	1.08a ± 0.13	1.36ab ± 0.09	0.98a ± 0.16	1.67b ± 0.14	0.001
Liver Weight (g)	1.25 ± 0.06	1.23 ± 0.05	1.30 ± 0.03	1.33 ± 0.06	0.49
Liver Triglyceride (mg/ml)	8.12a ± 0.65	12.14b ± 1.00	9.90ab ± 1.16	13.33b ± 0.84	0.001
T_CHOL (mmol/dL)	121.60a ± 1.34	121.67a ± 3.25	127.0ab ± 1.62	130.13b ± 1.54	0.01
HDL (mmol/dL)	87.43 ± 4.08	89.39 ± 4.61	96.75 ± 1.22	98.09 ± 2.91	0.08
Free Fatty Acids (μM)	156.99ab ± 4.59	177.36bc ± 7.73	146.2a ± 5.30	190.03c ± 5.36	<0.0001
Fasting Glucose (mg/dL)
6-week	45.00a ± 2.10	52.03ab ± 3.41	62.50b ± 3.09	92.50c ± 3.87	<0.0001
17-week	98.53ac ± 8.05	117.43ab ± 10.21	81.97c ± 6.53	132.90b ± 8.23	<0.001
Insulin (pg/ml)	525.5 ± 55.6	552.51 ± 56.57	539.73 ± 43.84	606.46 ± 54.50	0.75
HOMA-IR	3.65a ± 0.38	4.67ab ± 0.27	3.06a ± 0.31	5.86b ± 0.70	<0.001
C-Peptide (pg/ml)	1761.88a ± 200.3	1708.5a ± 123.17	1078.42b ± 86.51	1994.65a ± 150.65	<0.001
Amylin (pg/ml)	58.38 ± 5.39	58.82 ± 5.55	64.74 ± 4.24	59.75 ± 4.82	0.81
GIP (pg/ml)	129.13ab ± 17.9	95.46b ± 7.37	143.68c ± 11.91	113.75ac ± 8.69	0.04
Leptin (pg/ml)	5096.68a ± 662.7	9073.34b ± 1319.8	5460.9a ± 979.17	10917.55b ± 716.01	<0.001
MCP-1 (pg/ml)	69.06a ± 7.26	55.09a ± 6.03	69.05a ± 7.96	39.58b ± 4.53	0.01
Resistin (ng/ml)	25.24 ± 1.64	23.12 ± 1.33	21.64 ± 1.24	25.33 ± 1.67	0.26
TNF-α (pg/ml)	11.35a ± 1.35	7.77a ± 1.97	9.59a ± 1.40	30.56b ± 11.44	0.03

HOMA-IR Homeostasis model of assessment of insulin resistance, GIP Gastric inhibitory polypeptide, MCP-1 Monocyte chemotactic peptide-1. Data are presented as Means ± SEM (n = 15 per diet group). Significant differences in Means are indicated using different letters abc for p-value of <0.05.