Table 4.

Multivariate Analysis: Factors Associated with Preoperative Biliary Stenting

Factor	Odds Ratio	95% CI
Patient Demographics
Age (per year)	0.99	0.97–1.01
Year of Diagnosis	1.09	1.06–1.12
Male (Female)	1.14	0.92–1.41
Race
White	0.95	0.61–1.47
Hispanic	1.27	0.45–3.59
Black	Reference	Reference
Other	0.88	0.47–1.66
Married (Unmarried)	1.13	0.91–1.41
Income quartiles
Quartile 1	Reference	Reference
Quartile 2	1.29	0.93–1.80
Quartile 3	1.15	0.78–1.71
Quartile 4	1.05	0.67–1.67
Education
Quartile 1	Reference	Reference
Quartile 2	1.24	0.89–1.72
Quartile 3	1.20	0.82–1.76
Quartile 4	1.01	0.66–1.57
SEER Region*
Atlanta	1.72	0.83–3.55
Connecticut	2.02	1.10–3.71
Detroit	1.66	0.93–2.97
Greater California	1.90	1.09–3.31
Hawaii	1.11	0.44–2.80
Iowa	1.48	0.80–2.74
Kentucky	2.62	1.36–2.05
Louisiana	Reference	Reference
Los Angeles	2.02	1.10–3.71
New Jersey	1.79	1.01–3.15
New Mexico	0.84	0.33–2.12
San Francisco	1.53	0.75–3.12
San Jose	1.94	0.92–4.06
Seattle	3.89	1.98–7.65
Utah	3.37	1.66–6.88
Preoperative Signs/Symptoms
Jaundice (no jaundice)	5.53	4.40–6.95
Cholangitis (no cholangitis)	6.33	3.98–10.08
Pruritus (no pruritus)	1.58	1.02–2.45
Coagulopathy (no coagulopathy)	2.119	0.53–8.44
Tumor Characteristics and Treatment
Tumor size (per 10 mm)	0.99	0.98–0.99
Stage
Localized	Reference	Reference
Regional	1.26	0.90–1.78
Distant	1.10	0.64–1.90
Differentiation (N=2,229)
Poor (vs. No)	0.87	0.70–1.08
Nodal status (N=2,304)
Positive	1.10	0.87–1.40
Negative	Reference	Reference
Neoadjuvant therapy
Yes (vs. No)	2.71	1.58–4.66
Gastroenterologist visit before surgeon visit
Yes (vs. No)	1.80	1.46–2.22

^*Louisiana was chosen as reference because of low usage of preoperative biliary stenting amidst a sizable patient population. Rural Georgia was excluded because of few patients (N=3).