Table 2.
Fitness-related traits evaluated in this study
| General attribute | Trait (unit) | Abbreviation | Evaluation method |
|---|---|---|---|
| Seed dormancy | Seed winter survival (%) | DORM_1 | Percentage of germinated and viable nongerminated seeds after burial of mesh bags containing 20 unscarified seeds 3 cm below the soil surface of each experimental field (north, central, or south) from late December to the following spring (April–May) |
| Seed hardness (%) | DORM_2 | Percentage of nonimbibed seeds after soaking for 4 days in an incubator at 4°C | |
| Seed coat color | DORM_3 | Black or other (buff, green, or brown) | |
| Seed production | Total seed number | PROD_1 | Total number of harvested seeds |
| Total seed weight (g) | PROD_2 | Total weight of harvested seeds | |
| 100-seed weight (g) | PROD_3 | 100-seed weight | |
| Total pod number | PROD_4 | Total number of harvested pods | |
| Stem dry weight (g) | PROD_5 | Stem weight after drying for 7 days at 70°C | |
| Stem length (cm) | PROD_6 | Length from ground to top of stem | |
| Seed dormancy & production | Total number of seeds expected to germinate in the following year | SURV | Total number of seeds (PROD_1) multiplied by the winter seed survival rate (DORM_1) |
| Flowering phenology | Days to first flower (day) | FLOW | Number of days from sowing to flowering of first flower |