Table 1.
Mechanism | Target | Cell Type | Alteration | Consequence |
---|---|---|---|---|
DNA methylation | ITGAL (CD11a) | CD4 T cells | Hypomethylation | Increased CD11a expression |
CD70 (TNFSF7) | CD4 T cells | Hypomethylation | Increased CD70 expression and B-cell costimulation | |
CD154 (CD40L) | CD4 T cells | Hypomethylation | Increased B-cell costimulation | |
Perforin | CD4 T cells | Hypomethylation | Increased perforin expression | |
KIR family | CD4 T cells | Hypomethylation | Increased KIR expression | |
RUNX3 | CD4 T cells | Hypermethylation | Dysregulation of ITGAL (CD11a) expression | |
MMP9 | CD4 T cells | Hypomethylation | Cellular basement membrane breakdown | |
CD9 | CD4 T cells | Hypomethylation | T-cell activation | |
Histone modification | Histone H4 | Monocytes | Increased acetylation | Increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines |
MicroRNA | miR-146a | PBMCs | Underexpression | Type I IFN overproduction |
miR-21 | CD4 T cells | Overexpression | Downregulation of DNMT1 (indirect) and thus decreased DNA methylation | |
miR-148a | CD4 T cells | Overexpression | Downregulation of DNMT1 (direct) and decreased DNA methylation | |
miR-125a | PBMCs | Underexpresssion | Increased KLF expression and thus RANTES overproduction | |
miR-126 | CD4 T cells | overexpression | Downregulation of DNMT1 and decreased DNA methylation |
IFN, interferon; KIR, killer immunoglobulin-like receptor; KLF, Kruppel-like factor; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell; RANTES, regulated on activation normal T cell expression and secreted; RUNX, runt-related transcription factor; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus