Table 1. Baseline study population characteristics.
| PATIENTS WITH COPD (n = 91) | MILD SUBJECTS WITH MCOPD (n = 171) | NORMAL MILD SUBJECTS (n = 554) | p-value* | p-value (COPD vs. mCOPD) | p-value (COPD vs. normal) | p-value (mCOPD vs. normal) | |
| Gender | |||||||
| Male | 74 (81.3%) | 126 (73.7%) | 359 (64.8%) | ||||
| Female | 17 (18.7%) | 45 (26.3%) | 195 (35.2%) | 0.0019 | 0.0019 | 0.166 | 0.031 |
| Age | 67.37 (8.20) | 59.80 (6.55) | 56.48 (5.27) | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 |
| BMI | 26.00 (4.14) | 25.39 (3.93) | 26.09 (6.23) | 0.369 | 0.854 | 0.256 | 0.082 |
| Pack-years | 45.34 (25.10) | 48.53 (25.12) | 41.90 (19.15) | 0.001 | 0.373 | 0.449 | 0.002 |
| Smoking status | |||||||
| Current | 33 (53.2%) | 125 (76.2%) | 373 (69.9%) | ||||
| Former | 29 (46.8%) | 39 (23.8%) | 161 (30.1%) | 0.0035 | 0.008 | 0.001 | 0.115 |
| FEV1% | 52.91 (16.75) | 81.23 (20.29) | 102.28 (14.71) | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 |
| FVC% | 75.03 (18.42) | 103.82 (22.78) | 105.96 (16.84) | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | 0.266 |
| FEV1/FVC % | 54.75 (10.13) | 61.57 (8.05) | 79.57 (11.01) | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 |
| Emphysema % | 14.2 (10.6) | 7.6 (5.3) | 4.2 (3.7) | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 |
| AREAS | |||||||
| U | 199.09 (29.06) | 184.56 (31.89) | 176.76 (32.61) | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | 0.006 |
| M | 306.63 (35.65) | 311.32 (40.60) | 296.93 (40.12) | <.0001 | 0.031 | 0.354 | <.0001 |
| L | 458.25 (58.33) | 446.53 (66.35) | 434.78 (66.33) | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.157 | 0.043 |
| DIAMETERS | |||||||
| D1_U | 51.65 (5.19) | 53.19 (5.20) | 52.64 (5.30) | 0.080 | 0.099 | 0.023 | 0.233 |
| D1_M | 55.26 (5.14) | 57.41 (5.43) | 56.52 (5.20) | 0.006 | 0.032 | 0.002 | 0.053 |
| D1_L | 62.71 (5.99) | 64.22 (6.41) | 63.36 (6.16) | 0.134 | 0.348 | 0.065 | 0.116 |
| D2_U | 53.70 (6.71) | 57.33 (8.45) | 56.49 (8.88) | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.276 |
| D2_M | 41.65 (8.11) | 45.39 (8.59) | 46.33 (8.44) | <.0001 | <.0001 | 0.001 | 0.203 |
| D2_L | 53.60 (11.50) | 61.36 (10.92) | 61.09 (10.73) | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | 0.776 |
| D3_U | 54.85 (8.46) | 53.95 (8.72) | 52.52 (8.81) | 0.022 | 0.019 | 0.425 | 0.063 |
| D3_M | 75.85 (9.70) | 78.82 (9.99) | 76.17 (10.08) | 0.008 | 0.777 | 0.021 | 0.003 |
| D3_L | 103.74 (13.90) | 103.08 (11.79) | 101.98 (12.67) | 0.346 | 0.228 | 0.690 | 0.312 |
| D4_U | 98.86 (8.70) | 100.68 (9.52) | 99.13 (9.37) | 0.136 | 0.800 | 0.130 | 0.059 |
| D4_M | 114.12 (7.75) | 118.64 (8.26) | 116.68 (8.04) | <.0001 | 0.005 | <.0001 | 0.006 |
| D4_L | 131.04 (9.30) | 134.75 (10.50) | 133.62 (10.07) | 0.018 | 0.023 | 0.005 | 0.201 |
| D5_U | 120.87 (12.34) | 111.27 (12.92) | 108.27 (12.57) | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | 0.007 |
| D5_M | 163.70 (13.39) | 162.41 (13.28) | 157.27 (13.50) | <.0001 | <.0001 | 0.456 | <.0001 |
| D5_L | 207.81 (19.10) | 200.17 (18.01) | 195.73 (19.00) | <.0001 | <.0001 | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Haller's Index | 1.73 (0.27) | 1.92 (0.28) | 1.96 (0.27) | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | 0.092 |
Notes: D = diameter; U = upper; M = middle; L = lower;
*
p-value indicates the probability of the null hypothesis when comparing patients with COPD, MILD subjects with modified COPD (mCOPD), and normal MILD subjects by using one-way ANOVA analysis.