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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jul 31.
Published in final edited form as: Minerva Ginecol. 2010 Dec;62(6):573–583.

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Schematic representation of the current understanding of ER extranuclear signaling. Estrogen and growth factors promote ER complex formation with growth factors signaling components and cytosolic kinases that lead to activation of a number of pathways including MAPK, PI3K and AKT. Extranuclear pathways influence several biological functions including cell survival, proliferation and motility. Deregulation of ER extranuclear signaling will have implications in tumor cell metastasis and tumor progression.