Table 3.
General demographic characteristics, crude and adjusted odds ratios of S. haematobium by risk factors
| Variable |
S. haematobium infected |
Crude |
Adjusted |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (%) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | ||
| Location |
Urban |
36/437 (8.2%) |
1 |
1 |
| |
Rural |
509/1866 (27.3%) |
4.17 (2.92-5.95) |
4.70 (3.13-7.08) |
| Geographic part within the State |
Central |
68/514 (13.2%) |
1 |
1 |
|
Eastern |
124/768 (16.1%) |
1.26 (0.92-1.74) |
1.02 (0.69-1.49) |
|
|
Western |
353/1020 (34.6%) |
3.47 (2.61-4.62) |
1.82 (1.27-2.59) |
|
| Age |
>12 ys |
101/460 (22.0%) |
1 |
Removed |
| |
8-12 ys |
274/1177 (23.3%) |
1.08 (0.83-1.40) |
|
| |
<8 ys |
170/665 (25.6%) |
1.22 (0.92-1.62) |
|
| Gender |
Female |
154/727 (21.2%) |
1 |
1 |
| |
Male |
391/1575 (24.8%) |
1.23 (0.99-1.52) |
1.25 (0.97-1.60) |
| Father’s education |
Above primary |
56/308 (18.2%) |
1 |
Removed |
|
Primary |
229/963 (23.8%) |
1.40 (1.01-1.94) |
|
|
| |
Illiterate |
260/1031 (25.2%) |
1.52 (1.10-2.09) |
|
| Mother’s education |
Above primary |
24/153 (15.7%) |
1 |
Removed |
|
Primary |
139/653 (21.3%) |
1.45 (0.91-2.34) |
|
|
| |
Illiterate |
382/1496 (25.5%) |
1.84 (1.17-2.89) |
|
| Father’s Occupation |
Indoor worker |
240/1071 (22.4%) |
1 |
1 |
|
Outdoor worker |
305/1231 (24.8%) |
1.14 (0.94-1.38) |
0.80 (0.64-1.00) |
|
| Mother’s Occupation |
Indoor worker |
36/203 (17.7%) |
1 |
Removed |
|
Housewife |
342/1467 (23.3%) |
1.41 (0.96-2.10) |
|
|
| |
Farmer |
167/632 (26.4%) |
1.67 (1.12-2.49) |
|
| Type of house |
Fixed |
103/495 (20.8%) |
1 |
Removed |
| |
Cottage |
442/1807 (24.5%) |
1.23 (0.97-1.57) |
|
| Source of water |
Closed * |
284/1579 (18.0%) |
1 |
1 |
|
Opened |
261/723 (36.1%) |
2.58 (2.11-3.14) |
2.96 (2.34-3.74) |
|
| Hand washing facility at school |
Available |
105/606 (17.3%) |
1 |
1 |
|
Not available |
440/1696 (25.9%) |
1.67 (1.32-2.12) |
1.51 (1.15-1.99) |
|
| Latrine at school |
Available |
247/1062 (23.3%) |
1 |
Not included |
|
Not available |
298/1240 (24.0%) |
1.04 (0.86-1.27) |
|
|
| Distance from school to nearest open water source |
≥ 1 Km |
9/142 (6.3%) |
1 |
32.50 (12.89-81.95) |
|
< 1 Km |
536/2160 (24.8%) |
4.88 (2.47-9.65) |
|
|
| Play/bath in open water |
No |
152/833 (18.2%) |
1 |
1 |
|
Yes |
393/1469 (26.8%) |
1.64 (1.33-2.02) |
1.48 (1.15-1.89) |
|
| Frequency of open water contact |
>weekly |
306/1660 (18.4%) |
1 |
1 |
|
Daily |
239/642 (37.2%) |
2.62 (2.14-3.21) |
3.92 (3.06-5.02) |
|
| Health advocacy at school |
Yes |
115/642 (17.9%) |
1 |
Removed |
|
No |
430/1660 (%) |
1.60 (1.27-2.02) |
|
|
| Health facility in the same village |
Yes |
277/1349 (20.5%) |
1 |
1 |
|
No |
268/953 (28.1%) |
1.51 (1.23-1.84) |
1.53 (1.21-1.93) |
|
| Knowledge about schistosomiasis |
Yes |
210/941 (21.8%) |
1 |
1 |
|
No |
335/1361 (26.7%) |
1.45 (1.19-1.76) |
1.48 (1.18-1.86) |
|
| History of schistosomiasis treatment |
No |
462/2123 (21.8%) |
1 |
1 |
| Yes | 83/179 (46.4%) | 3.11 (2.28-4.24) | 3.37 (2.53-4.51) | |
* Pipe/hand pump.