Table 4.
Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between calcium and risk of gastrointestinal cancer in men and women
|
Men (N = 260,469) |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Oesophageal cancer |
Stomach cancer |
Colon cancer |
Rectal cancer |
Colorectal cancer |
||||||
| n | HR (95% CI) | n | HR (95% CI) | n | HR (95% CI) | n | HR (95% CI) | n | HR (95% CI) | |
|
Calcium (SD: 0.10 mmol/L) |
1.13 (0.98-1.30) |
|
0.94 (0.85-1.04) |
|
1.02 (0.96-1.08) |
|
1.03 (0.96-1.11) |
|
1.02 (0.98-1.07) |
|
|
Quartiles of calcium |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| < 2.33 |
62 |
1.00 (Ref) |
143 |
1.00 (Ref) |
389 |
1.00 (Ref) |
223 |
1.00 (Ref) |
612 |
1.00 (Ref) |
| 2.33-2.39 |
62 |
0.89 (0.62-1.27) |
171 |
1.13 (0.90-1.41) |
407 |
0.96 (0.84-1.11) |
282 |
1.10 (0.92-1.32) |
689 |
1.01 (0.91-1.13) |
| 2.39-2.45 |
57 |
1.00 (0.68-1.45) |
99 |
0.84 (0.64-1.09) |
352 |
1.05 (0.90-1.22) |
236 |
1.12 (0.92-1.35) |
588 |
1.07 (0.96-1.21) |
| ≥ 2.45 |
56 |
1.25 (0.84-1.86) |
88 |
0.99 (0.74-1.31) |
246 |
0.96 (0.81-1.15) |
185 |
1.10 (0.89-1.36) |
431 |
1.02 (0.89-1.16) |
| P-value for trend |
|
0.24 |
|
0.40 |
|
0.97 |
|
0.36 |
|
0.55 |
|
Calcium according to age-specific cut-offs |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
| Low |
1 |
0.56 (0.08-4.00) |
4 |
0.92 (0.34-2.48) |
7 |
0.62 (0.29-1.30) |
9 |
1.47 (0.78-2.86) |
16 |
1.01 (0.97-1.06) |
| Normal |
232 |
1.00 (Ref) |
487 |
1.00 (Ref) |
1360 |
1.00 (Ref) |
895 |
1.00 (Ref) |
2255 |
1.00 (Ref) |
| High |
4 |
1.03 (0.38-2.78) |
10 |
1.27 (0.67-2.38) |
27 |
1.21 (0.83-1.78) |
22 |
1.36 (0.89-2.09) |
49 |
0.92 (0.56-1.51) |
|
Albumin-corrected calcium1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (SD: 0.09 mmol/L) |
|
1.14 (1.00-1.29) |
|
0.98 (0.89-1.07) |
|
1.04 (0.98-1.10) |
|
1.03 (0.97-1.11) |
|
1.04 (0.99-1.08) |
|
Quartiles of albumin-corrected calcium1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
| < 2.27 |
50 |
1.00 (Ref) |
110 |
1.00 (Ref) |
258 |
1.00 (Ref) |
187 |
1.00 (Ref) |
445 |
1.00 (Ref) |
| 2.27-2.33 |
40 |
0.75 (0.49-1.13) |
106 |
0.89 (0.68-1.16) |
316 |
1.12 (0.95-1.32) |
204 |
1.01 (0.83-1.23) |
520 |
1.08 (0.95-1.22) |
| 2.33-2.38 |
64 |
0.97 (0.67-1.40) |
134 |
0.91 (0.71-1.17) |
378 |
1.09 (0.93-1.28) |
260 |
1.05 (0.87-1.26) |
638 |
1.07 (0.95-1.21) |
| ≥ 2.38 |
83 |
1.16 (0.82-1.65) |
151 |
0.93 (0.73-1.19) |
442 |
1.17 (1.00-1.36) |
275 |
1.02 (0.85-1.23) |
727 |
1.11 (0.98-1.25) |
| P-value for trend |
|
0.17 |
|
0.68 |
|
0.08 |
|
0.76 |
|
0.12 |
|
Women (N = 231,575) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Calcium (SD: 0.10 mmol/L) |
1.25 (1.04-1.51) |
|
1.07 (0.95-1.20) |
|
1.07 (1.00-1.14) |
|
1.04 (0.96-1.13) |
|
1.06 (1.01-1.11) |
|
|
Quartiles of calcium |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| < 2.32 |
21 |
1.00 (Ref) |
58 |
1.00 (Ref) |
211 |
1.00 (Ref) |
113 |
1.00 (Ref) |
324 |
1.00 (Ref) |
| 2.32-2.38 |
23 |
0.98 (0.54-1.79) |
77 |
1.12 (0.79-1.58) |
302 |
1.17 (0.98-1.40) |
147 |
1.04 (0.82-1.34) |
449 |
1.13 (0.98-1.30) |
| 2.38-2.44 |
18 |
0.80 (0.42-1.55) |
66 |
0.98 (0.68-1.41) |
300 |
1.17 (0.97-1.40) |
160 |
1.12 (0.88-1.44) |
460 |
1.15 (0.99-1.33) |
| ≥ 2.44 |
33 |
1.30 (0.71-2.38) |
100 |
1.25 (0.88-1.77) |
370 |
1.18 (0.99-1.42) |
178 |
1.01 (0.78-1.30) |
548 |
1.12 (0.97-1.30) |
| P-value for trend |
|
0.32 |
|
0.30 |
|
0.13 |
|
0.90 |
|
0.19 |
|
Calcium according to age-specific cut-offs |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
| Low |
1 |
0.70 (0.10-5.16) |
5 |
1.44 (0.59-3.53) |
10 |
0.76 (0.41-1.43) |
4 |
0.66 (0.25-1.78) |
14 |
0.73 (0.43-1.24) |
| Normal |
88 |
1.00 (Ref) |
291 |
1.00 (Ref) |
1148 |
1.00 (Ref) |
582 |
1.00 (Ref) |
1730 |
1.00 (Ref) |
| High |
6 |
4.82 (2.07-11.19) |
5 |
1.02 (0.42-2.48) |
25 |
1.30 (0.87-1.94) |
12 |
1.19 (0.67-2.11) |
37 |
1.26 (0.91-1.75) |
|
Albumin-corrected calcium1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (SD: 0.09 mmol/L) |
|
1.26 (1.06-1.50) |
|
1.08 (0.97-1.20) |
|
1.07 (1.02-1.13) |
|
1.04 (0.96-1.12) |
|
1.06 (1.02-1.11) |
|
Quartiles of albumin-corrected calcium1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
| < 2.27 |
9 |
1.00 (Ref) |
36 |
1.00 (Ref) |
134 |
1.00 (Ref) |
75 |
1.00 (Ref) |
209 |
1.00 (Ref) |
| 2.27-2.32 |
20 |
1.46 (0.67-3.22) |
67 |
1.20 (0.80-1.80) |
250 |
1.17 (0.95-1.45) |
133 |
1.15 (0.86-1.52) |
383 |
1.16 (0.98-1.38) |
| 2.32-2.38 |
23 |
1.45 (0.66-3.15) |
66 |
1.00 (0.66-1.51) |
302 |
1.19 (0.97-1.47) |
159 |
1.18 (0.89-1.55) |
461 |
1.19 (1.01-1.40) |
| ≥ 2.38 |
43 |
1.87 (0.89-3.91) |
132 |
1.34 (0.92-1.96) |
497 |
1.32 (1.08-1.60) |
231 |
1.17 (0.89-1.53) |
728 |
1.26 (1.08-1.48) |
| P-value for trend | 0.09 | 0.15 | 0.007 | 0.34 | 0.006 | |||||
All models are adjusted for age, SES, albumin (continuous), and Charlson comorbidity index.
1Not adjusted for albumin.