A and B, NPQ of HC- and LC-grown cells under 100% light levels of 552 μmol photons m−2 s−1 with PAR (A) and PAB (B) treatment in the static system. C and D, NPQ under four different rotating speeds of 10, 20, 30, and 40 min under PAR (C) and PAB (D) treatments in the rotating system, with maximum irradiance set to 552 μmol photons m−2 s−1. The values are means and sd (n = 3).