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. 2013 Aug;23(8):1235–1247. doi: 10.1101/gr.155408.113

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© 2013, Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press

This article is distributed exclusively by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press for the first six months after the full-issue publication date (see http://genome.cshlp.org/site/misc/terms.xhtml). After six months, it is available under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported), as described at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/.

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Figure 3. — DNA methylation profiles in ant genomes. (A) Normalized CpG content (CpG O/E) of different genomic elements, including exons, introns, and promoter regions (1.5 kb upstream of coding sequence start sites) for protein-coding genes, nongenic conserved elements, and genome-wide background (1-kb fragments). Exons show the strongest evidence of CpG depletion in ants, indicating that they are the most highly methylated regions of the genome in all taxa (confirmed by Bisulfite-seq; below). Introns also show slight depletion of CpGs in ants, suggesting some intron methylation. (B) Scatterplot of log₁₀(mCG/CG) methylation levels estimated by Bisulfite-seq versus CpG O/E for coding sequences in S. invicta reveals a bimodal distribution of gene body methylation. (C) Average methylation levels (mCG/CG) for protein-coding genes in S. invicta males, grouped according to the number of taxa in Hymenoptera with orthologs for each gene; indicating that conserved genes tend to be highly methylated. Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals for the mean.