Table 9.
Summary diabetes
| Association of protein/effect (in RCT) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of participants (age) Men (M), women (W) |
|
Rating A B C |
||||||
| Exposure/Intervention | Outcome variable | Study | Total | Animal | Vegetable | Strength of evidence: Convincing, probable, Suggestive, no conclusion | ||
| 12 weeks on recommended protein (RP) ‘15 E% protein, 30 E% fat, 55 E% carbohydrate’ or high protein (HP) ‘25 E% protein, 30 E% fat and 45 E% carbohydrate’. | Fasting blood glucose | Intervention study (70) | Age ≈ 20 years | C | No conclusion | |||
| Groups: | ||||||||
| Body fat <30% of body weight. | N =34 in RP and 15 in HP | INVERSE | NA | NA | ||||
| Body fat ≥30% of body weight. | N =38 in RP and 7 in HP | NS | NA | NA | ||||
| Both groups also instructed to reduce usual energy intake by 500 kcal/d | ||||||||
| Quintiles of a low carbohydrate/high protein and fat score, and also based on animal or vegetable sources | New type 2 diabetes (T2D) | Cohort study (66) | 40,475 M (40–75 years) | POS | POS | NS | B | Suggestive evidence that a low carbohydrate-high protein diet based on total and animal protein increases risk of T2D |
| Deciles of a low carbohydrate/ high protein and fat score, and also based on animal or vegetable sources | Cohort study (67) | 85,059 W (30–55 years) | NS | NS | INVERSE | B | ||
| Protein E% intake, substituted isoenergetically by 5 E% lower carbohydrate intake | Cohort study (68) | 9,702 M (40–65 years) and 15,365 W (35–65 years) |
POS | NA | NS | B | ||
| Protein intake: | Cohort study (69) | 2 cohorts mixed 38,094 | B | |||||
| 1) per 10 gram of intake and | M and W (age groups from | POS | POS | NS | ||||
| 2) Quartiles of protein E% intake substituted isoenergetically by 5 E% lower carbohydrate intake | 21 to 79 years) | POS | NS | NS | ||||