Table 1.
Characteristics of the MDR-TB cases and three control groups in Botswana
| MDR-TB (n = 114) n (%) |
TB (n = 114) n (%) |
HIV (n = 114) n (%) |
General population (n = 228) n (%) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | ||||
| 21–29 | 40 (35.1) | 33 (28.9) | 14 (12.3) | 149 (65.4) |
| 30–39 | 27 (23.7) | 36 (31.6) | 49 (43.0) | 53 (23.2) |
| 40–49 | 24 (21.1) | 30 (26.3) | 37 (32.5) | 18 (7.9) |
| ≥50 | 23 (20.2) | 15 (13.2) | 14 (12.3) | 8 (3.5) |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 69 (60.5) | 47 (41.2) | 36 (31.6) | 45 (19.7) |
| Female | 45 (39.5) | 67 (58.8) | 78 (68.4) | 183 (80.3) |
| Education | ||||
| No schooling | 28 (24.6) | 13 (11.4) | 11 (9.6) | 1 (0.4) |
| Primary education | 23 (20.2) | 25 (21.9) | 31 (27.2) | 12 (5.3) |
| Secondary education | 49 (43.0) | 64 (56.1) | 60 (52.6) | 103 (45.2) |
| Higher education | 11 (9.6) | 9 (7.9) | 11 (9.6) | 111 (48.7) |
| Other | 3 (2.6) | 3 (2.6) | 1 (0.9) | 1 (0.4) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single (not cohabiting) | 57 (50.0) | 65 (57.0) | 40 (35.1) | 154 (67.5) |
| Single (cohabiting) | 37 (32.5) | 30 (26.3) | 43 (37.7) | 37 (16.2) |
| Married | 18 (15.8) | 14 (12.3) | 29 (25.4) | 35 (15.4) |
| Divorced/widowed | 2 (1.8) | 5 (4.4) | 2 (1.8) | 2 (0.9) |
| Employment | ||||
| Unemployed | 35 (30.7) | 47 (41.2) | 72 (63.2) | 114 (50.0) |
| Employed | 79 (69.3) | 67 (58.8) | 42 (36.8) | 114 (50.0) |
| Monthly income | ||||
| < minimum wage | 35 (30.7) | 56 (49.1) | 77 (67.5) | 125 (54.8) |
| > minimum wage | 79 (69.3) | 58 (50.9) | 37 (32.5) | 103 (45.2) |
| Government assistance | ||||
| No | 88 (77.2) | 99 (86.8) | 113 (99.1) | — |
| Yes | 26 (22.8) | 15 (13.2) | 1 (0.9) | — |
| Number of meals per day | ||||
| Three | 79 (69.3) | 75 (65.8) | 79 (69.3) | — |
| Two | 19 (16.7) | 23 (20.2) | 27 (23.7) | — |
| One | 7 (6.1) | 8 (7.0) | 7 (6.1) | — |
| Varies depending on income | 9 (7.9) | 8 (7.0) | 1 (0.9) | — |
| Monthly frequency at which subject is unable to obtain food | ||||
| Every day | 18 (15.8) | 29 (25.4) | 8 (7.0) | — |
| Very frequently (once a week) | 12 (10.5) | 11 (9.6) | 30 (26.3) | — |
| Some times (once a month) | 60 (52.6) | 40 (35.1) | 38 (33.3) | — |
| Almost never | 7 (6.1) | 6 (5.3) | 16 (14.0) | — |
| Never | 17 (14.9) | 28 (24.6) | 22 (19.3) | — |
| HIV-positive | 57 (50.0) | 55 (48.2) | — | — |
MDR-TB = multidrug-resistant TB; TB = tuberculosis; HIV = human immunodeficiency virus.