Exhibit 1.

Characteristics Of Health Care Providers In Madhya Pradesh And Delhi Samples

Characteristic	Madhya Pradesh (n = 241)	Difference between Madhya Pradesh sample and population (n = 1,039)	Delhi (n = 64)
Age (years)	43.12	1.20	43.60
Male	94%	0.06**	93%
Has MBBS degree	11%	0.01	52%
Has no medical qualification	67%	−0.03	16%
Works in public sector	17%	−0.07**	34%
Average patients per day	17.90	2.57**	14.63
Experience (years)	12.96	0.92	30.78
Educated beyond high school	53%	0.01	— a
Dispenses medicine	84%	−0.04*	— a
Has stethoscope	95%	0.06***	— a
Has sphygmomanometer	77%	0.05	— a
Has thermometer	92%	0.05**	— a
Has electricity	94%	0.09***	— a

source Authors’ analysis. notes For a description of the sample and the population of providers they were selected from, see the Appendix (Note 17 in text). A provider has no medical qualification if he or she has no medical training whatsoever, not even training in short courses or in traditional systems of medicine. High school is the completion of twelve years of schooling. A provider works in the public sector if the standardized patient received attention from the provider in a government clinic. Experience is total years practiced in current location in the Delhi sample and total years practiced in the Madhya Pradesh sample. MBBS degree is a bachelor of medicine and bachelor of surgery degree. Although standardized patients visited 241 unique providers in Madhya Pradesh, we could complete a facility survey with only 226 of them, to obtain the data shown here.

^aProviders in the Delhi sample were not administered a facility survey, but it would be safe to assume that they all have basic medical equipment.

^*p < 0.10

^**p < 0.05

^***p < 0.01