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. 2013 Jul 4;4(7):e709. doi: 10.1038/cddis.2013.233

miR-874 regulates myocardial necrosis by targeting caspase-8

K Wang 1, F Liu 1, L-Y Zhou 1, S-L Ding 1, B Long 1, C-Y Liu 1, T Sun 1, Y-Y Fan 1, L Sun 2, P-F Li 1,3,*
PMCID: PMC3730407  PMID: 23828572

Abstract

Cardiomyocyte death is an important reason for the cardiac syndromes, such as heart failure (HF) and myocardial infarction (MI). In the heart diseases, necrosis is one of the main forms of cell death. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that mediate post-transcriptional gene silencing. Hitherto, it is not yet clear whether miRNA can regulate necrosis in cardiomyocyte. In this work, we performed a microarray to detect miRNAs in response to H2O2 treatment, and the results showed that miR-874 was substantially increased. We further studied the function of miR-874, and observed that knockdown of miR-874 attenuated necrosis in the cellular model and also MI in the animal model. We searched for the downstream mediator of miR-874 and identified that caspase-8 was a target of miR-874. Caspase-8 was able to antagonize necrosis. When suppressed by miR-874, caspase-8 lost the ability to repress necrotic program. In exploring the molecular mechanism by which miR-874 expression is regulated, we identified that Foxo3a could transcriptionally repress miR-874 expression. Foxo3a transgenic or knockout mice exhibited a low or high expression level of miR-874, and a reduced or enhanced necrosis and MI. Our present study reveals a novel myocardial necrotic regulating model, which is composed of Foxo3a, miR-874 and caspase-8. Modulation of their levels may provide a new approach for tackling myocardial necrosis.

Keywords: myocardial necrosis, miR-874, caspase-8

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs and act as negative regulators of gene expression by inhibiting mRNA translation or promoting mRNA degradation.1, 2 Growing evidences have demonstrated that miRNAs can have a significant role in the regulation of development, differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. MiRNAs can regulate cardiac function such as the conductance of electrical signals, heart muscle contraction, heart growth and morphogenesis. They also participate in the regulation of cardiomyocyte apoptosis.3, 4, 5, 6 In particular, miRNAs are involved in the pathogenesis of cardiac diseases such as myocardial infarction (MI) and heart failure (HF), and manipulation of miRNAs can be developed to therapeutic approaches.7, 8, 9 However, it is not yet clear whether miRNAs are involved in the regulation of necrosis.

Necrosis is a type of cell death, which is morphologically characterized by increasing of cell volume, dilation of organelles, rupture of the plasma membrane and subsequent loss of intracellular contents.10 For a long time, apoptosis is considered the sole form of programmed cell death during development, homeostasis and disease, while necrosis is regarded as a passive and unregulated process. However, recent researches work suggested that necrosis was programmed in terms of both its course and its occurrence, and a proportion of necrosis was happened in a tightly regulated manner through different pathways. Necrotic cell death has been involved in regulating disease pathologies in animal models of hypoxic/ischemic injury,11 septic shock,12 acute pancreatitis13 and ischemic brain injury.11 In this sense, the study of the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of programmed necrosis could shed new light into the clinical implications.

Cardiomyocyte death is an important reason for the cardiac syndromes, such as HF, MI and stroke.14 Necrosis is one of the main forms of cell death and its role has been studied in the heart diseases. Guerra et al.15 first reported that the level of necrosis was greater than apoptosis in HF patients. Recent works have demonstrated that necrosis can slow down and reduce cell injury in models of cardiac infarction.16 These studies show that necrosis have an important role in the pathological process in cardiac diseases. However, the molecular components regulating programmed necrosis in heart remain largely unidentified.

Caspase-8 is a cysteine protease that is critically involved in regulating cellular apoptosis, and has recently been shown to be important in regulating necrotic cell death. The receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 3 (RIP3) is a key signaling molecule in the programmed necrosis pathway. This pathway has important roles in a variety of physiological and pathological conditions, including development, tissue damage response and antiviral immunity. Caspase-8 has been demonstrated to be able to cleave and inactivate RIP3, and prevent the pathway of necrosis.17, 18 However, it is not yet clear whether caspase-8 is a target of miRNAs and the molecular regulation of caspase-8 in the necrotic machinery remains to be elucidated. Addressing these questions will likely be the key to decipher the molecular pathway of necrosis.

The forkhead family of transcription factors consists of >80 members and divided into 19 subgroups (from A to S). They are characterized by the presence of a conserved 100 amino-acid DNA-binding domain. Foxo3a is expressed in the heart and skeletal muscle19, 20, 21 and participates in regulating diverse cellular functions such as cell cycle arrest, oxidative scavenging, differentiation, metabolism, proliferation, apoptosis and survival.17, 18 However, it is currently unknown whether Foxo3a can also regulate oxidative stress-induced necrosis.

Our present work aims at finding out whether miRNAs are able to regulate myocardial necrosis. In the miRNA microarray, miR-874 was identified to be upregulated by H2O2 stimulation. In addition, we found that caspase-8 could be regulated by miR-874. MiR-874 affected myocardial necrosis through targeting caspase-8. In exploring the mechanism by which how miR-874 expression is regulated, we identified that Foxo3a could transcriptionally repress miR-874 expression. Foxo3a regulated caspase-8 expression and the consequent myocardial necrosis through targeting miR-874. Our results reveal a novel myocardial necrotic regulating model which is composed of Foxo3a, miR-874, caspase-8. Our results provide new insights for understanding the pathogenesis of myocardial necrosis. A better understanding of the molecular pathway may allow for the development of novel therapies to treat heart syndromes.

Results

miR-874 is involved in H2O2-induced necrotic cell death in cardiomyocytes

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is well known to be important factor inducing cell death. However, the form of cell death induced by H2O2 varies from apoptosis to necrosis, depending on the exact concentration applied and the cell type tested.22, 23, 24 We tested the effect of H2O2 in cardiomyocytes cell death, and observed that treatment with 0.2 mM only trigged apoptosis (Figure 1a), while the concentration of 0.5 mM preferentially caused necrosis (Figure 1b). To understand whether miRNAs are involved in the necrotic pathway induced by H2O2, we performed a microarray to detect miRNAs in response to H2O2 treatment (Figure 1c and Supplementary Table). To confirm the microarray result, we carried out quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to verify miRNAs levels. Among several miRNAs, miR-874 was substantially upregulated (Figure 1d) and H2O2 treatment led to a time-dependent increase in miR-874 level (Figure 1e). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was known as necrosis inducer, so we also detected these miRNAs levels upon TNF-α stimulation. The results were similar to those induced by H2O2 (Supplementary Figure 1).

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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miRNAs are involved in H2O2-induced necrotic cell death in caridomyocytes. (a and b) H2O2 induces apoptosis and necrosis in cardiomyocytes. Cardiomyocytes were treated with 200 μM H2O2 (a) or 500 μM H2O2 (b) at indicated time. Apoptotic cells were analyzed by flow cytometry analysis of the active caspase-3 using the Vybrant FAM caspase-3 assay. Necrotic cell death was assessed by flow cytometry using a PI exclusion assay. (c) Microarray results depicting the log–log scatter plot of intensity of miRNA expression from control versus H2O2 treatment. Cardiomyocytes were untreated (control) or treated with 500 μM H2O2. miRNAs were detected by microarray. The red dots and the green dots indicate twofold up- or downregulated genes, respectively. (d) Upregulated miRNAs upon H2O2 treatment. Cardiomyocytes were treated with H2O2 for 24 h, and the expression of miRNAs was analyzed. (e) qRT-PCR analysis of miR-874. Cardiomyocytes were treated with H2O2 at the indicated time, and the expression of miR-874 was analyzed, *P<0.05 versus control. (f and g) Knockdown of miR-874 reduces necrotic responses induced by H2O2. Cardiomyocytes were transfected with miR-874 antagomir (anta-874) or antagomir control (anta-NC). Twenty-four hours after transfection, cells were treated with H2O2. Necrosis was assessed by EM (F) and PI exclusion (G), *P<0.05 versus H2O2 alone

Next, we attempted to understand the function of miR-874 in necrotic machinery. Necrosis is morphologically characterized by increasing of cell volume, dilation of organelles, rupture of the plasma membrane and subsequent loss of intracellular contents. Cardiomyocytes upon exposure to H2O2 displayed obvious necrotic morphological characterization such as dilation of organelles, rupture of the plasma membrane and loss of cell integrity. However, knockdown of miR-874 by antagomir (anta-874) but not antagomir negative control (anta-NC) group attenuated the necrotic morphological hallmarks, which were confirmed by electron microscopy (Figure 1f). The antagomir of miR-874 also attenuated necrotic cell death induced by H2O2 (Figure 1g). These data suggest that miR-874 is involved in H2O2-induced necrotic cell death and has a function role in caridomyocytes.

miR-874 regulates necrotic cell death in the heart

To understand the pathophysiological role of miR-874, we detected whether miR-874 was involved in the pathogenesis of MI in the animal model. MiR-874 was elevated in response to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury (Figure 2a). Myosin antibody injection technique was used to assess myocardial necrosis. I/R caused a massive increase in necrotic myosin-positive cells (Figures 2b and c). Knockdown of miR-874 (anta-874) showed a decrease in necrotic myosin-positive cells, compared with anta-NC group upon I/R (Figures 2b and c). Thus, it indicates that knockdown of miR-874 results in a reduction in the myocardial necrosis. The myocardial infarct sizes were also reduced in anta-874 group (Figure 2d) and the cardiac function was ameliorated by knockdown of miR-874 (Figure 2e). Thus, miR-874 may have a significant role in myocardial necrosis and MI.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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miR-874 is able to regulate necrosis in the heart. (a) miR-874 levels during myocardial I/R. Mice were induced to undergo cardiac I/R. Area at risk and the remote area were prepared at the indicated time for qRT-PCR analysis of miR-874 levels, n=6, *P<0.05 versus 0 min or sham. (b and c) Knockdown of miR-874 attenuates myocardial necrosis upon I/R. Mice were subjected to I/R as described in methods. b: Immunohistochemistry for myosin antibody incorporation into the heart (green); red is a wheat germ stain for cell membranes; nuclei are shown in blue. Percentage of cells with myosin antibody infiltration was shown (c), n=6, *P<0.05 versus I/R alone. (d) Knockdown of miR-874 inhibits MI. Mice were treated as described in b. Infarct sizes were shown, n=6, *P<0.05 versus I/R +NC. (e) Knockdown of miR-874 preserves cardiac function upon I/R. Transthoracic echocardiographic analysis was performed after 60 min ischemia followed by 1 week reperfusion. Diastolic left ventricular internal diameters (LVIDd); Systolic left ventricular internal diameters (LVIDs); fractional shortening of left ventricular diameter (FS), *P<0.05 versus I/R alone

miR-874 participates in the regulation of caspase-8 expression

The importance of caspase-8 has been demonstrated by many works in the apoptosis, and has recently been reported in the necrosis.25, 26 To find out the executioner of miR-874 in necrotic cascades, we analyzed its potential targets using bioinformatics program of RNAhybrid. We observed that caspase-8 was a potential target of miR-874 (Figure 3a). Then we tested whether miR-874 could influence the endogenous caspase-8 expression. Enforced expression of miR-874 induced a reduction of endogenous caspase-8 expression (Figure 3b). To understand whether the effect of miR-874 on caspase-8 is specific, we employed the target protector technology. The inhibitory effect of miR-874 on caspase-8 expression was reduced in the presence of the target protector (Figure 3c). These results indicate that miR-874 can specifically regulate caspase-8.

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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miR-874 participates in the regulation of caspase-8 expression. (a) Putative miR-874 sites in the 3′UTR region of caspase-8. This putative miR-874 sites in the caspase-8 3′UTR region were analyzed by RNAhybrid program. (b) miR-874 suppresses the expression of caspase-8 in the cellular model. Cardiomyocytes were infected with adenoviral miR-874 or β-gal. Caspase-8 expression was analyzed by immunoblot. (c) Caspase-8 target protector attenuates caspase-8 reduction induced by miR-874. Cardiomyocytes were infected with adenoviral miR-874, and then transfected with the target protector (caspase-8-TPmiR-874) or the control (caspase-8-TPcontrol). Forty-eight hours after transfection, caspase-8 was analyzed by immunoblot. (d) Caspase-8 wild-type (WT) 3′UTR and a mutated 3′UTR in the miR-874-binding site are shown. (e) Luciferase assay. HEK293 cells were infected with adenoviral miR-874 or β-gal, then transfected with the luciferase constructs of the wild-type caspase-8-3′UTR (casp8-3′UTR-WT) or a mutated caspase-8-3′UTR (casp8-3′UTR-mut). The luciferase activity was analyzed, *P<0.05. (f and g) miR-874 can suppress the expression of caspase-8 with wild-type but not mutated UTR. Cardiomyocytes were coinfected with the adenoviral miR-874 or β-gal, along with caspase-8 with wild-type UTR (casp8-3′UTR-WT) or the mutated UTR (casp 8-3′UTR-mut). Caspase-8 levels were detected by immunoblot

We employed the luciferase assay system to test whether miR-874 can influence the translation of caspase-8. As shown in Figure 3e, the luciferase reporter assay revealed that miR-874 could reduce the translation of caspase-8. Introduction of mutations, which disrupt base pairing between miR-874 and caspase-8 (Figure 3d), rescued luciferase expression (Figure 3e) and caspase-8 protein expression (Figures 3f and g). Taken together, it appears that caspase-8 is a specific target of miR-874.

miR-874 regulates necrosis through targeting caspase-8

Caspase-8 has recently been shown to be able to regulate intestinal homeostasis from TNF-α-induced necrotic cell death.27 We tested whether caspase-8 was related to the occurrence of necrosis induced by H2O2 or I/R in cardiomyocytes. Enforced expression of caspase-8 attenuated necrotic cell death (Figure 4a) induced by H2O2. However, overexpression of the caspase-8C360S (cysteine to serine mutation at the catalytically active site) lost this protective effects. It suggests that the suppression of necrotic cell death by caspase-8 requires its catalytic activity. To understand the role of caspase-8 in myocardial necrosis in the animal model, we employed I/R model. Enforced expression of caspase-8 resulted in a reduction in myocyte necrosis (Figure 4b) upon I/R. These data suggest that caspase-8 can inhibit necrosis induced by H2O2 or I/R injury.

Figure 4.

Figure 4

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miR-874 regulates necrosis through targeting caspase-8. (a) Enforced expression of caspase-8 reduces necrotic cell death induced by H2O2. Cardiomyocytes were infected with adenoviral caspase-8, caspase-8 C360S(cysteine to serine mutation at the catalytically active site) or β-gal. Twenty-four hours after infection, cells were treated with H2O2. Necrotic cell death was assessed by flow cytometry using a PI exclusion assay, *P<0.05. (b) Enforced expression of caspase-8 attenuates myocardial necrosis upon I/R. Mice were treated as described in methods. Percentage of cells with myosin antibody infiltration was shown, n=6, *P<0.05 versus I/R alone. (c and d) Knockdown of caspase-8 can attenuate the inhibitory effect of miR-874 antagomir on H2O2-induced caspase-8 expression and necrosis. Cardiomyocytes were infected with adenoviral caspase-8-siRNA (casp8-siRNA) or its scramble form (casp8-sc), transfected with miR-874 antagomir (anta-874) and exposed to H2O2. Cells were harvested at 48 h after treatment for the analysis of caspase-8 levels (c) and PI exclusion (d), *P<0.05 versus H2O2+anta-874. (e and f) Caspase-8 target protector can inhibit caspase-8 reduction and necrosis-induced by H2O2. Cardiomyocytes were transfected with the target protector (caspase-8-TPmiR-874) or the control (caspase-8-TPcontrol), and then exposed to H2O2. Caspase-8 levels (e) and PI exclusion (f) were analyzed, *P<0.05 versus H2O2 alone

To figure out how miR-874 elicits its effect on necrotic program, we tested whether caspase-8 was a downstream target of miR-874. Caspase-8-siRNA was constructed. The antagomir of miR-874 inhibited H2O2-induced necrosis, however, this effect was attenuated by knockdown of caspase-8 (Figures 4c and d). The target protector of caspase-8 could inhibit necrosis induced by H2O2 (Figures 4e and f). RIPK1 and RIPK3 are two key signaling molecules in the programmed necrosis pathway, the enzymatic activity of which are important in the execution of necrosis. Caspase-8 has been demonstrated to be able to cleave and inactivate both RIPK1 and RIPK3, and prevent the pathway of necrosis.17, 18 Here, we tested whether RIPK1 and RIPK3 could be involved in H2O2-induced cardiomyocytes necrosis. Our results showed that RIPK1 and RIPK3 levels were elevated in response to H2O2 treatment (Supplementary Figures 2A and 2C). Knockdown of RIPK1 and RIPK3 both attenuated necrotic cell death induced by H2O2 (Supplementary Figures 2B and 2D). These data suggest that miR-874 and caspase-8 are functionally linked and miR-874 exerts its effect through caspase-8.

miR-874 is a transcriptional target of Foxo3a

We asked why miR-874 is upregulated in response to the pathological insults. Our previous work has shown that the expression of a miRNA can be regulated at the transcriptional level. We analyzed the promoter region of mouse miR-874 and observed that there are two potential-binding sites of Foxo3a (Figure 5a). We tested whether Foxo3a could bind to the promoter region of miR-874. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay revealed a decrease in the association levels of Foxo3a with binding site 2 (BS2) in response to H2O2 treatment. However, an association of Foxo3a with BS1 was not detectable (Figure 5b). Next, we tested whether Foxo3a could influence miR-874 promoter activity. Wild-type miR-874 promoter (WT) demonstrated a low activity in the presence of Foxo3a. However, mutations in the Foxo3a consensus-BS2 could abolish the inhibitory effect of Foxo3a on miR-874 promoter activity (Figure 5c). These data suggest that BS2 is the actual Foxo3a-binding site. H2O2 could induce a increase in miR-874 promoter activity (Figure 5d).Concomitantly, enforced expression of Foxo3a could attenuate the increase of miR-874 promoter activity induced by H2O2 in cardiomyocyte (Figure 5d). Enforced expression of Foxo3a led to a decrease of miR-874 levels (Figure 5e). Foxo3a transgenic mice demonstrated a low level of miR-874 (Figure 5f), whereas Foxo3a knockout mice exhibited an increased expression level of miR-874 (Figure 5g). These data indicate that miR-874 can be transcriptionally repressed by Foxo3a.

Figure 5.

Figure 5

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miR-874 is a transcriptional target of Foxo3a. (a) Mouse miR-874 promoter region contains two potential Foxo3a-binding site. (b) ChIP analysis of Foxo3a binding to the promoter of miR-874. (c) Foxo3a suppressed miR-874 promoter activity. Cardiomyocytes were treated with the adenoviral β-gal or Foxo3a, the constructs of the empty vector (pGL-4.17), the wild-type promoter (WT) or the promoter with mutations in the binding site (mutant), respectively, *P<0.05 versus WT alone; #P<0.05 versus WT+Foxo3a. (d) Foxo3a attenuates the increase of miR-874 promoter activity induced by H2O2. Cardiomyocytes were treated with the adenoviral β-gal or Foxo3a, the constructs of the empty vector (pGL-4.17), the wild-type promoter (WT), then were treated with H2O2, *P<0.05 versus WT; #P<0.05 versus WT+ H2O2. (e) Foxo3a inhibits miR-874 expression. Cardiomyocytes were infected with adenoviral β-gal or Foxo3a. miR-874 levels were analyzed by RT-PCR, *P<0.05 versus control. (f) miR-874 levels in Foxo3a transgenic mice. qRT-PCR and immunoblot were performed with Foxo3a transgenic mice (Foxo3a Tg) or the wild-type mice (WT), n=6, *P<0.05 versus WT. (g) miR-484 levels in Foxo3a-deficient mice. Foxo3a knockout mice (KO), wild-type littermates (WT), n=5, *P<0.05 versus WT

Foxo3a inhibits necrosis through miR-874 and caspase-8

We tested the role of Foxo3a in necrosis. H2O2 induced a reduction in Foxo3a expression level (Figure 6a). H2O2-induced the elevation of miR-874 level (Figure 6b) and necrotic cell death were attenuated by Foxo3a (Figures 6b and c). Foxo3a transgenic mice inhibited the elevation of miR-874 level upon I/R (Figure 6d). Foxo3a transgenic mice exhibited elevated level of caspase-8 upon I/R (Figure 6e). Furthermore, Foxo3a transgenc mice showed less myosin antibody incorporation than WT group upon I/R, which indicated a reduction in myocardial necrosis (Figure 6f). MI sizes in Foxo3a transgenic mice also showed a remarkable decrease, compared with WT group upon I/R (Figure 6g). On the contrary, Foxo3a knockout mice showed a lower level of caspase 8 than WT group (Supplementary Figure 3A) and, therefore, more prone to I/R injury (Supplementary Figure 3B). The CYLD processing is necessary for caspase-8 mediated inhibition of necrosis.28 So, we also detected the degradation of CYLD, and the results showed that the cleavage of CYLD was lower in Foxo3a KO mice than WT group upon I/R injury (Supplementary Figure 3C). Taken together, it appears that Foxo3a is able to inhibit necrosis through miR-874 and caspase-8 in the heart.

Figure 6.

Figure 6

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Foxo3a inhibits necrosis through miR-874 and caspase-8. (a) Foxo3a levels are decreased in cardiomyocytes exposed to H2O2. Cardiomyocytes were exposed to H2O2. Cells were harvested at the indicated time for the analysis of Foxo3a levels by immunoblot. (b and c) Enforced expression of Foxo3a reduces miR-874 levels and necrotic cell death induced by H2O2. Cardiomyocytes were infected with adenoviral Foxo3a or β-gal. Twenty-four hours after infection, cells were treated with H2O2. miR-874 levels (b), caspase-8 levels (c, upper panel) and PI exclusion were analyzed (c, low panel), *P<0.05 versus H2O2 alone. (d and e) Foxo3a transgenic mice attenuates miR-874 levels and increased caspase-8 levels upon I/R. WT and Foxo3a transgenic mice were subjected to I/R as described in methods. miR-874 levels (d) and caspase-8 levels (e) were analyzed. (f and g) Foxo3a transgenic mice attenuates myocyte necrosis and MI upon I/R. WT and Foxo3a transgenic mice were subjected to I/R as described in methods. Myocyte necrosis (f) and MI (g) were analyzed, *P<0.05 versus WT+I/R

Discussion

Necrosis is one of the main form of cell death in heart diseases. Cardiomyocyte death is an important reason for HF, which is one of the leading causes of hospitalization and death worldwide. It is essential to elucidate molecular mechanisms, discover impactful therapeutic targets and suppress myocardial necrosis and the consequent HF. Our present work demonstrated that knockdown of miR-874 attenuated necrosis in H2O2-treated cardiomyocytes and MI in the animal model. In searching for the downstream targets of miR-874, we found that caspase-8 was negatively regulated by miR-874. MiR-874 affected myocardial necrosis through targeting caspase-8. Moreover, we identified that Foxo3a inhibited myocardial necrosis through transcriptionally targeting miR-874. Our results reveal a novel mechanism regulating myocardial necrosis.

Necrosis, in contrast to apoptosis, has been viewed as a form of accidental cell death brought about by injury to the cell by pathogens or toxins. Although several studies have suggested that certain forms of necrosis are programmed, the great breakthrough in the study of programmed necrosis came from the discovery RIPK1,29 and RIPK3,30, 31 the enzymatic activity of which are important in the execution of necrosis. Necrosis is one of the main forms of cell death and its role has been studied in the heart diseases. Recent works had been shown to blockade of necrosis was effective in slowing or reducing cell injury in models of cardiac infarction. Despite its biological importance, the molecular components regulating programmed necrosis in heart are not well defined. Our present work reveals a novel myocardial necrotic regulating pathway, which is composed of Foxo3a, miR-874 and caspase-8. Our results provide new insights for understanding the pathogenesis of myocardial necrosis.

miRNAs are ∼22-nucleotides long and act as negative regulators of gene expression by inhibiting mRNA translation or promoting mRNA degradation. Increasing evidences showed that miRNA has an important role in various biological processes. Despite the biological importance of miRNAs, it is not yet clear whether miRNAs are involved in the regulation of necrosis. In this study, we focused on the functional significance of miR-874, which was the most upregulated miRNA in H2O2-induced cardiomyocyte necrosis. MiR-874 resides in intron 10 of the gene encoding kelch-like 3 and is related to hypertension.32 The present work for the first time demonstrated that miRNA (miR-874) is a prerequisite for H2O2 to initiate necrosis. Knockdown of miR-874 by antagomir significantly attenuated necrosis in the cellular model and reduced the MI size in the animal model upon I/R. We had identified that caspase-8 acted as the downstream target of miR-874. MiR-874 can promote myocardial necrosis through suppressing caspase-8. Our results provide a new clue for the understanding of miRNAs-controlled cellular events, and suggested that miR-874 could be a potential diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for cardiovascular disease.

Cell death includes two different mechanisms: apoptosis and necrosis. Apoptosis is dependent on caspase activation, whereas the caspase-independent necrotic signaling pathway remains largely uncharacterized. Caspase-8 has two opposing biological functions, it promotes cell death by triggering the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis, it also has a function in regulating intestinal homeostasis and protecting intestinal epithelial cells from TNF-α-induced necrotic cell death.25 In murine SVEC cells, knockdown of caspase-8 promotes TNF-induced cell death. In L929 cells, treatment with caspase inhibitor alone has been shown to cause RIPK3-dependent death.26 Caspase-8 can cleave both RIPK1 and RIPK3, inhibiting their role in caspase-independent cell death.18 However, it is not yet clear whether caspase-8 can regulate oxidative stress-induced necrosis in cardiomyocyte, and the signaling pathway of its in the necrotic machinery remains to be elucidated. Our present work demonstrated that as a target of miR-874, caspase-8 can prevent necrosis in cardiomyocytes. Our results provide novel molecular pathway regulating programmed necrosis in heart.

Forkhead transcription factor Foxo3a participates in regulating diverse cellular functions such as cell cycle arrest, oxidative scavenging, differentiation, metabolism, proliferation, hypertrophy, apoptosis and survival, However, It is currently unknown whether Foxo3a can also regulate necrosis. Our results demonstrated that Foxo3a was able to inhibit necrosis in cellular and animal models and it exerts function by transcriptionally targeting miR-874. Our results for the first time reveal a novel function of Foxo3a-participating in regulating myocardial necrosis.

In summary, our present work identified that miR-874 was able to regulate necrosis in the cellular and animal models. Caspase-8 is a target of miR-874 in the necrotic pathway. Our results further revealed that Foxo3a was able to inhibit necrosis by transcriptionally targeting miR-874. Modulation of miR-874 levels may provide an intriguing approach for tackling myocardial necrosis. Accordingly, it can be speculated that the identification of miRNAs that regulate necrosis may fill in the gap between unknown aspects of cell biology and the pathogenesis of diseases.

Materials and Methods

Generation of cardiac-specific Foxo3a transgenic mice

For creating Foxo3a transgenic mice, human Foxo3a was as we described,33 and cloned to the vector pαMHC-clone26 under the control of the α-myosin heavy chain promoter. The primers used to generate Foxo3a include, forward primer: 5′-ATGGCAGAGGCACCGGCTTCC-3′ reverse primer: 5′-TCAGCCTGGCACCCAGCTCTGAG-3′. Microinjection was performed following standard protocols.

Generation of Foxo3a knockout mice

Foxo3a KO mice were purchased from Mutant Mouse Regional Resource Center, USA. Foxo3a+/− mice were interbred to give KO mice (Foxo3a−/−), which were used for further studies. Mice were genotyped by multiplex PCR (primers and conditions are available from Mutant Mouse Regional Resource Center, USA). All experiments were performed on Foxo3a−/− mice and their wild-type littermates (Foxo3a+/+). The animal experiments were performed according to the protocols approved by the Institute Animal Care Committee.

Cardiomyocyte culture and treatment

Cardiomyocytes were isolated from 1–2 days old mice as we described,33 Briefly, after dissection hearts were washed, minced in HEPES-buffered saline solution. Tissues were then dispersed in a series of incubations at 37 °C in HEPES-buffered saline solution containing 1.2 mg/ml pancreatin and 0.14 mg/ml collagenase (Worthington, Lakewood, NJ, USA). After centrifugation cells were resuspended in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium/F-12 (GIBCO, Grand Island, NY, USA) containing 5% heat-inactivated horse serum, 0.1 mM ascorbate, insulin-transferring-sodium selenite media supplement (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin and 0.1 mM bromodeoxyuridine. The dissociated cells were preplated at 37 °C for 1 h. The cells were then diluted to 1 × 106 cells/ml and plated in 10 μg/ml laminin-coated different culture dishes according to the specific experimental requirements. Cells were treated with 200 μM or 500 μM H2O2 except as otherwise indicated elsewhere. For TNF-α-stimulated cells, cells were exposed 10 ng/ml human TNF-α at indicated time.

Cell death assays

Apoptosis was measured with the Vybrant FAM caspase-3 and -7 assay kit (Invitrogen, Grand Island, NY, USA) according to manufacturers protocol. The detection procedures were in accordance with the kit instructions. Necrotic cell death was assessed by propidium iodide (PI) exclusion. Flow cytometry experiments were performed on a FACS Calibur (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA).

Adenoviral constructions and infection

Mouse caspase-8 cDNA was amplified by RT-PCR from total RNA of mouse heart and then cloned into pcDNA3.1, The adenoviruses harboring Caspase-8 were constructed using the Adeno-X expression system (Clontech, Otsu, Japan). The adenovirus harboring Caspase-8C360S, which contains a cysteine to serine mutation at the catalytically active site, were generated using QuikChange II XL Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA, USA) and were also constructed using the Adeno-X expression system (Clontech). Caspase-8 3′UTR mutants were generated using QuikChange II XL Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Stratagene). Adenoviral Foxo3a was as we described,33 The adenovirus containing β-galactosidase (β-gal) is as we described elsewhere,34 To construct adenovirus encoding miR-874, mouse genomic sequence harboring the pre-miR-874 was amplified using the following primer set: 5′-GCTTTCTGGTTGACACATGCT-3′ 5′-TAAACGTGTGTGGATCGAGAC-3′. The constructs were sequence verified and cloned into the adenovirus system. The adenoviral constructs were prepared using the Adeno-X Expression System (Clontech) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Constructions of adenoviruses harboring mouse Caspase-8 RNAi, RIPK1-siRNA and RIPK3-siRNA

The mouse Caspase-8 RNAi target sequence is 5′-CCTCGGGGATACTGTCTGA-3′. A nonrelated, scrambled RNAi without any other match in the mouse genomic sequence was used as a control (5′-GTCAGTCTGCAGTCGTAGC-3′). The mouse RIPK1 target sequence is 5′-CAACCGCGCTGAGTACAAT-3′ and the scramble sequence is 5′-CACAGTAGCTCAGACTACG-3′. The mouse RIPK3 target sequence is 5′-ACACGGCACTCCTTGGTAT-3′ and the scramble sequence is 5′-CTGACTCAGTACTAGCTCG-3′. The adenoviruses harboring these RNAi constructs were generated using the pSilencer adeno 1.0-CMV System (Ambion, Grand Island, NY, USA) according to the Kit's instructions. Adenoviruses were amplified in HEK293 cells. Adenoviral infection of cardiomyocytes was performed as we described previously.35

Immunoblot

Immunoblot was performed as we described,33 In brief, cells were lysed for 1 h at 4 °C in a lysis buffer (20 mM Tris (pH 7.5), 2 mM EDTA, 3 mM EGTA, 2 mM DTT, 250 mM sucrose, 0.1 mM PMSF, 1% Triton X-100 and a protease inhibitor cocktail). Samples were subjected to 12% SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. Equal-protein loading was controlled by Ponceau red staining of membranes. Blots were probed using the primary antibodies. The antibodies to caspase-8 was from Abcam. The antibody to Foxo3a was from Cell Signaling (Danvers, MA, USA). The antibody to CYLD N terminus was from Invitrogen. The horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA).

Transfection of antagomir

miR-874 antagomir and the antagomir negative control (antagomir-NC) were purchased from GenePharma Co. Ltd (Shanghai, China). The antagomir sequence is 5′-UCGGUCCCUCGGGCCAGGGCAG-3′. All the bases were 2′-OMe modified, and the 3′-end was conjugated to cholesterol. Chemically modified oligonucleotides 5′-CAGUACUUUUGUGUAGUACAA-3′ were used as a negative control (antagomir-NC). Cells were transfected with the antagomir or antagomir-NC at 50 nM. The transfection was performed using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instruction.

Target protector preparation and transfection

Target protector was designed and named as others and we described,27 In brief, Caspase-8-TPmiR-874 sequence is 5′-TGTATTGCCCAACTATTCTTGGGAG-3′. Caspase-8-TPcontrol sequence is 5′-TGACAAATGAGACTCTCTCCTCTCC-3′. They were synthesized by Gene Tools (Philomath, OR, USA), and transfected into the cells using the Endo-Porter kit (Gene Tools) according to the kit's instructions.

Preparations of the luciferase construct of Caspase-8 3′UTR and luciferase activity assay

Caspase-8 3′UTR was amplified by PCR. The forward primer was 5′-GTGCTCTCCACAGTTCACATG-3′ the reverse primer was 5′-AGGTCCCTGCTCCCGTCATTC-3′. To produce mutated 3′UTR, the mutations were generated using QuikChange II XL Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Stratagene). The constructs were sequence verified. Wild-type and mutated 3′UTRs were subcloned into the pGL3 vector (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) immediately downstream of the stop codon of the luciferase gene.

Luciferase activity assay was performed using the Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Cells were co-transfected with the plasmid constructs of 150 ng/well of pGL3-Caspase-8-3′UTR or pGL3-Caspase-8-3′UTR-mut using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen), then were infected with adenovirus miR-874 or β-gal at a moi of 80. At 48 h after infection, luciferase activity was measured.

Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction

Stem-loop qRT-PCR for mature miR-874 was performed as described,36 on an Applied Biosystems ABI Prism 7000 sequence detection system. Total RNA was extracted using Trizol reagent. After DNAse I (Takara, Japan) treatment, RNA was reverse transcribed with reverse transcriptase (ReverTra Ace, Toyobo, Osaka, Japan). The results of qRT-PCR were normalized to that of U6. The sequences of U6 primers were forward: 5′-GCTTCGGCAGCACATATACTAA-3′ reverse: 5′-AACGCTTCACGAATTTGCGT-3′.

Constructions of mouse miR-874 promoter and its mutant

We downloaded 5-kb region upstream sequences of mouse miR-874, and found two potential Foxo3a-binding sites in (−2723∼−2728) and (−2269∼−2274). A 1722 bp fragment contained the two-binding sites was cloned into the vector pGL4.17 (Promega). The fragment was amplified from mouse genome using PCR. The forward primer was 5′-GTGCTGACTGACTGCTCACCT-3′ the reverse primer was 5′-GGAAGTCTGCCTCTCTGTTTC-3′. The introduction of mutations in the putative Foxo3a-binding site was performed with the QuikChange II XL Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Stratagene) using the wild-type vector as a template. The construct was sequenced to check that only the desired mutations had been introduced.

Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay

ChIP assay was performed as we described,27 In brief, cells were washed with PBS and incubated for 10 min with 1% formaldehyde at room temperature. The crosslinking was quenched with 0.1 M glycine for 5 min. Cells were washed twice with PBS and lysed for 1 h at 4 °C in a lysis buffer. The cell lysates were sonicated into chromatin fragments with an average length of 500 to 800 bp as assessed by agarose gel electrophoresis. The samples were precleared with Protein-A agarose (Roche, Hamburg, Germany) for 1 h at 4 °C on a rocking platform, and 5 μg-specific antibodies were added and rocked for overnight at 4 °C. Immunoprecipitates were captured with 10% (vol/vol) Protein-A agarose for 4 h. Before use, Protein-A agarose was blocked twice at 4 °C with salmon sperm DNA (2 μg/ml) overnight. DNA fragments were purified with a QIAquick Spin Kit (Qiagen, Hamburg, Germany). The purified DNA was used as a template and amplified with the following primer sets: For the analysis of Foxo3a binding to the promoter region of miR-874, the oligonucleotides were as follows: BS1 forward primer: 5′-GCACCCTGCTTTATAGAATGT-3′ reverse primer: 5′-AGTGCTGGGCAACTGTTGGTT-3′. BS2 forward primer: 5′-TTGTCACCAGAAGCGTCCACA-3′ reverse primer: 5′-TAGGTGAGTCCCTGAACCCTA-3′.

Transmission electron microscopy

Conventional electron microscopy was performed as described previously.37 In brief, cells were fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde and then postfixed with 1% osmium tetraoxide, dehydrated in a graded series of ethanol concentrations, and embedded in Embed812 resin. The ultrathin sections were mounted on copper grids and then double-stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. The samples were examined and photographed with a FEI Tecnai spirit transmission electron microscope.

Microarray analysis

Total RNA was extracted from cardiomyocytes by using Trizol reagent. For the miRNA microarray experiments, low-molecular-weight RNA was isolated with the described method,38 and then used for miRNA expression analysis with miRNA microarray (CapitalBio Corp., Beijing, China).

miR-874 antagomir delivery, I/R, preparations of area at risk and histology

Male adult C57BL/6 mice (8-weeks-old) were obtained from Institute of Laboratory Animal Science of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (Beijing, China). All experiments were performed according to the protocols approved by the Institute Animal Care Committee. The mice received on three consecutive days, intravenous injections of miR-874 antagomir, or its control at a dose of 30 mg/kg body weight in a small volume (0.2 ml) per injection. Foxo3a transgenic mice, Foxo3a KO mice and WT mice were subjected to 60 min ischemia, then 24 h or 1 week reperfusion. Sham-operated group experienced the same procedure except the snare was left untied. Evans blue dye was treated as described,39 The areas of infarction (INF), area at risk (AAR), and nonischemic left ventricle (LV) were assessed with computer-assisted planimetry (NIH Image 1.57) by an observer blinded to the sample identity. The ratio of AAR/LV, INF/AAR and INF/LV were calculated as described.39

Echocardiographic assessment

Transthoracic echocardiographic analysis was performed on mice after the sham or I/R surgery as we described.27 Echocardiographic parameters such as systolic left ventricular internal diameters (LVIDs) and diastolic left ventricular internal diameters (LVIDd) were measured. Fractional shortening (FS) of left ventricular diameter was calculated as [(LVIDd –LVIDs)/LVIDd] × 100. After in vivo evaluation of cardiac function the mice were euthanized and the hearts were harvested, weighted and used for histological examination.

Statistical analysis

Data are expressed as the mean±S.E.M. of at least three independent experiments. We used a one-way analysis of variance for multiple comparisons. A value of P<0.05 was considered significant.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (30871243, 31010103911, 81270160, 81000034) and NIH (1R01HL102202).

Glossary

miRNAs

microRNAs

H2O2

hydrogen peroxide

Foxo3a

forkhead box-containing protein, O subfamily 3a

I/R

ischemia/reperfusion

TNF-α

tumor necrosis factor-alpha

PI

propidium iodide

caspase 8

cysteine-aspartic acid protease 8

caspase 8C360S

cysteine-aspartic acid protease 8 (cysteine to serine catalytically inactive mutant at amino acid 360)

qRT

quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction

RIPK3

receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 3

RIPK1

receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1

TP

target protector

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Footnotes

Supplementary Information accompanies this paper on Cell Death and Disease website (http://www.nature.com/cddis)

Edited by A Stephanou

Supplementary Material

Supplementary Figures
Click here for additional data file. (152.5KB, pdf)
Supplementary Table S1
Click here for additional data file. (10.5KB, pdf)

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Associated Data

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Supplementary Materials

Supplementary Figures
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Supplementary Table S1
Click here for additional data file. (10.5KB, pdf)

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