Table 1.

Studies on airborne fungi from the different countries.

Location	Country	Predominant Fungi		Health concern	Reference
International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS) building, Karachi	Pakistan	Cladosporium spp. Alternaria spp. Periconia spp. Curvularia spp. Stemophylium spp. Aspergillus spp. Penicillium spp.		Diagnosis and treatment or preventive measures for allergy and asthmatic individuals	Hasnain et al. (2012)
Soybean and cotton mills, Giza	Egypt	Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A. parasiticus, Penicillium nigricans, Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium cladosporoides		Inhalation of toxigenic fungi and production of mycotoxins in the lungs of workers	Abdel Hameed et al. (2012)
Green houses	Denmark	Aspergillus fumigatus Beauveria spp. Trichoderma spp. Penicillium oslonii P. brevicompactum		Exposure of vegetable growers to (1–3)-β-D-glucan, fungal spores and culturable fungi	Hansen et al. (2012)
Libraries and Archival settings	Portugal	Stachybotrys spp. Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus Fusarium spp.		Indoor air quality in archives and libraries	Pinheiro et al. (2011)
Paper substrates, Genova	Italy	Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Penicillium purpurogenum, Aspergillus melleus,	FTIR-ATR analysis for identification of fungi		Zotti et al. (2011)
Jasna Gora (Bright Hill) monastery library in Czestochowa	Poland	Filamentous fungi	To check the degree of contamination of monastery library		Harkawy et al. (2011)
		Acremonium striatum
		Acremonium spp.
		Alternaria spp.
		Aspergillus flavus
		Aspergillus niger
		Aspergillus versicolor
		Chaetomium elongatum
		Chaetomium spp.
		Oidiodendron rhodogenum
		Oidiodendron truncatum
		Penicillium aurantiogriseum
		Penicillium verrucosum
		Penicillium spp.
		Ulocladium spp.
		Wallemia sebi
		Yeasts
		Candida famata
		Geotrichum candidum
		Rhodotorula glutinis
Hotel rooms in Asia and Europe	Asia	Aspergillus versicolor Stachybotrys chartarum Penicillium spp.	Analysis of fungal DNA in 69 hotel rooms in 20 countries of Asia & Europe		Norback and Cai (2011)
	China,Taiwan, Malaysia,Thailand, Vietnam, Japan, Cambodia and Iran
	Europe
	Spain, Italy, Sweden, France, Portugal, U. K, Norway, Denmark, Germany, Poland, Estonia and Iceland
Child day care centers, Uppsala	Sweden	Aspergillus spp. Stachybotrys chartarum Penicillium spp.	To investigate relationship between building construction and indoor quality and exposure to fungi by qPCR	To reduce allergen levels and protect allergic children	Cai et al. (2011)
House dust samples, Riyadh	Saudi Arabia	Aspergillus spp. Cladosporium spp. Penicillium spp. Acremonium spp. Botryodiplodia spp. Circenella spp. Myrothecium spp. Syncepalastrum spp.	To study the occurrence and distribution of indoor fungi	Study showed the presence of potential human pathogenic fungi	Alwakeel and Nasser (2011)
Campus of the University of Sao Paulo	Brazil	Aspergillus spp. Penicillium spp. Cladosporium spp.	To determine possible correlations of bioaerosols (quantity of fungi)		Degobbi et al. (2011)
Poultry farmhouse, Burgundy	France	Aspergillus spp Scopulariopsis spp.	To represent fungal contaminants in air of animal facilities		Nieguitsila et al. (2011)
Air-Conditioning in Adult & Neonatal Intensive treatment units, Cuiaba city	Brazil	Aspergillus spp. Penicillium spp. Cladosporium spp.	To evaluate fungi in A/C units of hospitals	This study showed the risk factor for the acquisition of infection in ICU’s	Simoes et al. (2011)
Indoor environments of Cave of Nerja	Spain	Aspergillus spp. Penicillium spp. Cladosporium spp. Ascomycota	Fungal spores in Cave and seasonal behavior were studied		Docampo et al. (2011)
Bakery, Bucharest	Romania	Aspergillus spp. Penicillium spp. Alternaria spp. Fusarium spp. Ulocladium spp. Neurospora spp. Trichoderma spp.	Conventional and molecular methods were used to detect fungi		Cornea et al. (2011)
Building with wood decay, Plouzane	France	Serpula lacrymans Coniophora puteana, Trametes versicolor Donkioporia expansa Phlebiopsis gigantea Scleroderma verrucosum	Capillary electrophoresis single-strand conformation polymorphism (CE-SSCP), denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC), PCR was used to detect fungi		Maurice et al. (2011)
Water damaged building, Ghent	Belgium	Trichoderma atroviride	To elucidate relationship between T. atroviride & Sick Building Syndrome	To investigate relation with SBS, the mucosal irritation potency of compounds by T. atroviride	Polizzi et al. (2011)
Dairy plant, Attica	Greece	Penicillium spp. Cladosporium spp	Microbiological methods and molecular typing techniques were used to detect the fungi in dairy plant		Beletsiotis et al. (2011)
Metro railway station, Kolkata	India	Aspergillus flavus Aspergillus niger Penicillium spp.	To evaluate prevalent airborne fungi in the indoor environment of railway station		Ghosh et al. (2011)
House dust samples, Turubah, Taif	Saudi Arabia	Aspergillus flavus Aspergillus fumigatus Aspergillus penicilloides Aspergillus repens Penicillium glabrum	Xerophilic, yeast, thermophilic, thermotolerant, keratinophilic fungi were isolated	Fungi identified were toxigenic, opportunists, pathogenic and antigenic	Al-Humiany (2010)
Residential buildings, Lodz	Poland	Stachybotrys chartarum Aspergillus versicolor Penicillium chrysogenum	High performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry of six toxic strains proved their ability to grow on building materials and produce mycotoxins	The study showed toxic risk in buildings under study	Gutarowska et al. (2010)
Historic huts, Ross Island	Antarctica	Cladosporium cladosporoides Pseudeurotium desertorum Geomyces spp. Antarctomyces psychrotrophicus	To confirm fungal presence in huts		Duncan et al. (2010)
Mogao Cave, Gansu province	China	Penicillium spp. Cladosporium spp. Aspergillus spp. Alternaria spp.	Temporal, spatial distributions of airborne fungi in caves		Wang et al. (2010a,b)
Railway stations, Tokyo	Japan	Penicillium spp. Cladosporium spp. Aspergillus spp.	Understand the distribution of airborne fungi		Kawasaki et al. (2010)
Wine cellars, Graz	Austria	Penicillium spp. Cladosporium spp. Aspergillus spp.	Six stage Andersen-Cascade impactor was used for sampling of fungi and check the hygiene		Haas et al. (2010)
Archives buildings, Cuba La Plata	Cuba Argentina	Penicillium spp. Cladosporium spp.	To evaluate the microbial prevalence inside buildings		Borrego et al. (2010)
Houses of asthmatic patients Sari city	Iran	Aspergillus flavus A. fumigatus Cladosporium spp. Penicillium spp.	To study the distribution of fungi in indoor and outdoor air of asthmatic patients houses		Hedayati et al. (2010)
Newly built dwellings, Okayama	Japan	Alternaria spp Aspergillus spp. Aureobasidium spp. Cladosporium spp. Eurotium spp. Rhodotorula spp.	To explore the cause of sick building syndrome		Takigawa et al. (2009)
Flood affected materials from homes, New Orleans	USA	Arthrinium, Ganoderma, Polythrincium, Torula, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium	To examine the aerosolization of fungi in flood affected homes	To restore and rejuvenate the flood affected areas	Adhikari et al. (2009)
Underground railway station, St. Petersburg	Russia	Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Acremonium	Indoor air of railway stations was examined for fungi over 4 months	Risk of mold allergic diseases for underground passengers was detected	Bogomolova and Kirtsideli (2009)
Child care centers, Singapore	Singapore	Aspergillus, Penicillium, Geotrichum, Cladosporium	Concentrations of culturable fungi were examined	Information provided was useful to determine etiology of wheeze and rhinitis	Zuraimi et al. (2009)
Hospitals, Zarqa	Jordan	Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria, Rhizopus	To investigate air quality and microbial quantity	To assess level of airborne pathogens	Qudiesat et al. (2009)
Noodle factory, Nantou	Taiwan	Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium,	To evaluate the levels of microorganisms	To minimize the biological hazards	Tsai and Liu (2009)
Feedstuff-manufacturing factories, Seoul	Korea	Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium,	To investigate the distribution patterns of airborne fungi		Kim et al. (2009)
Indoors, Brisbane	Australia	Aspergillus niger Penicillium, Cladosporium cladosporioides	To quantify the fungal fragments by Ultraviolet Aerodynamic particle sizer (UVASP) and Scanning fragmentation particle sizer (SMPS)		Kanaani et al. (2009)
Green waste windrow composting facility, Central England	UK	Aspergillus fumigatus	To study the particle size distribution of Aspergilli in compost operation	To evaluate potential health impacts	Deacon et al. (2009)
Dust samples, Kuopio	Finland	Aspergillus, Penicillium, Paecilomyces	To produce information of microbial concentrations using qPCR		Kaarakainen et al. (2009)
Maternity hospitals, Paris	France	Aspergillus, Alternaria, Penicillium, Cladosporium,	To examine spectrum and levels of airborne fungi in newborn babies homes	Purpose was to check the affect of mold on early childhood	Dassonville et al. (2008)
U.S. Lab module of International space station	USA	Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus, A. terreus, Penicillium chrysogenum, P. brevicompactum Fusarium solani Candida albicans	DNA based method mold-specific quantitative PCR (MSQPCR) was used to measure the molds in dust	Potential opportunists and moderate toxin producers were detected	Vesper et al. (2008)
Moisture-damaged buildings, Leipzig	Germany	Aspergillus versicolor Penicillium expansum	2D-gel electrophoresis of spore proteins, Immunoblotting with patient sera to study indoor exposure to molds	Development of allergies were detected	Bennorf et al. (2008)
Child day care centers, Edirne city	Turkey	Acremonium, Alternaria, Arthrinium, Aspergillus, Bahusakala, Beauveria, Ceuthospora, Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Curvularia, Drechslera, Epicoccum, Eurotium, Fusarium, Mycotypha, Myrotechium, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Pestalotiopsis, Phoma, Ramichloridium, Rhizopus, Scopulariopsis, Stachybotrys, Stemphylium, Torula, Trichoderma, Trichothecium, Ulocladium, Verticillium	Purpose of this study was to determine the concentration, in terms of monthly and seasonal distribution and in relation to meteorological factors, of indoor and outdoor microfungi		Aydogdu and Asan (2008)
Office buildings, Helsinki	Finland	Aspergillus orchraceus Aspergillus glaucus Stachybotrys chartarum	Levels of fungi were measured and comparison was made in mold-damaged and control buildings		Salonen et al. (2007)
Indoor spaces of buildings, Styria	Austria	Aureobasidium spp., Trichoderma spp., Rhizopus spp., Cladosporium spp., Alternaria spp., Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp.,	To evaluate growth of indoor molds on fungal spores in the air		Haas et al. (2007)
Coir factory Kerala	India	Aspergillus flavus, A. niger Cladosporium, Penicillium citrinum	To study the prevalence of airborne fungal spores in indoor and outdoor environments		Nayar et al. (2007)
Hospitals, Childcare centers, Elderly welfare facilities, Maternity recuperation centers, Kyunggi-do province	Korea	Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., Cladosporium spp.,	Characteristics of airborne fungi were surveyed with six-stage cascade impactor		Kim and Kim (2007)
Various working environments in hospitals, Genoa	Italy	Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp.,	To assess the degree of fungal contamination in hospital environments	To demonstrate the effectiveness of air-handling systems	Perdelli et al. (2006)
Homes of patients with allergy to fungi, Barcelona	Spain	Cladosporium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Alternaria	To study the distribution of fungi inside and outside the homes of patients allergic to fungi	Respiratory allergies were due to seasonal variability	de Ana et al. (2006)
Residential dwellings, Murdoch University, Perth	Australia	Cladosporium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Fusarium, Botrytis, Aureobasidium, Rhizopus, Epicoccum, Yeast, Nigrospora	To investigate HEPA vacuuming of indoor particulates and fungi in residential environments		Cheong and Neumeister-Kemp (2005)
Pillows used for years in homes	UK	Aspergillus fumigatus Aureobasidium pullulans Rhodotorula mucilaginosa	To enumerate the fungal flora of used pillows and dust at homes	To check the allergenicity of fungi isolated from pillows	Woodcock et al. (2006)
Air conditioning units in operating theaters, Pune	India	Aspergillus, Fusarium Penicillium Rhizopus	To find the fungal colonization of A/C units in O.T	Post operative fungal infections from contaminated A/C units	Kelkar et al. (2005)
Coastal regions, Dammam, Jeddah, Jizan	Saudi Arabia	Basidiomycetes	Seasonal and diurnal variations of airborne fungi		Hasnain et al. (2005)
			Basidiomycetous spore concentrations
Homes of children with allergy, Boston, Massachusetts	USA	Aureobasidium, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Penicillium	To demonstrate the sensitization of fungi in children	To understand the development of allergic rhinitis and asthma	Stark et al. (2005)
Aerobiology Al-Khobar, Abha, Hofuf	Saudi Arabia	Alternaria, Ulocladium, Drechslera Cladosporium,	Data were analyzed in relation to their allergenic capability and spore calendars were designed to correlate the patients symptoms		Hasnain et al. (2005)
Multi-storey hospital	USA	Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus sydowii, Aspergillus ustus, Aspergillus versicolor, Eurotium (Asp.) spp	Monitoring Aspergillus species by qPCR during construction of a multi-storey hospital building	To assure new construction free from contamination of	Morrison et al. (2004)
Aerobiology,	Saudi Arabia	Cladosporium sphaerospermum, C. macrocarpum, C. cladosporioides, C. herbarum	To evaluate allergenicity to Cladosporium		Hasnain et al. (2004)
Saw mill Palakkad, Kerala	India	Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Penicillium, Nigrospora, Ganoderma	Concentration of airborne fungal spores in indoor and outdoor environments		Jothish and Nayar (2004)
Residence with water leaks, California	USA	Penicillium chrysogenum, P. crustosum P. aurantiogriseum	Evaluation of water leak buildings for mold damage		Morey et al. (2003)
Water damaged and mold infested building materials, Lund	Sweden	Aspergillus penicillioides, Stachybotrys chartarum, Chaetomium globosum	Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/solid phase microextraction (GC–MS/SPME) to identify microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) in water-damaged, mold-infested building materials		Wady et al. (2003)
Dust from carpets with A/C and without A/C, Osaka	Japan	Cladosporium, Penicillium	Fungal contamination in AC		Hamada and Fujita (2002)
Operating theaters and hematological units of hospital, Grenoble	Germany	Cladosporium, Penicillium, Aspergillus fumigatus	Surveillance of environmental fungal contamination in hospital		Faure et al. (2002)
House dust, Melbourne	Australia	Cladosporium, Penicillium,	Assess the influence of indoor levels of fungi on sensitization and asthma in adults		Dharmage et al. (2001)
Water damaged	USA	Penicillium, Aspergillus, Stachybotrys	Report the case of a worker with respiratory illness related to bioaerosol exposure in a water-damaged building with extensive fungal contamination		Trout et al. (2001)
Building, Cincinnati, Ohio
Aerobiology Nagpur	India	Cladosporium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Alternaria	Concentrations of airborne fungal spores in market environment		Kakde et al. (2001)
Air samples from hospital, Taiwan	Republic of China	Penicillium, Aspergillus,	Quantitative evaluation of fungal exposure		Wu et al. (2000)
Hematology ward, Lanarkshire	Scotland	Aspergillus versicolor, A. fumigatus, A. niger, Candida albicans, C. glabrata,C. parapsilosis	Air sampling and surveillance cultures for fungi were performed in a Scottish general hematology ward		Richardson et al. (2000)
House dust, Wageningen	The Netherlands	Aspergillus, Penicillium	To evaluate the association between indoor storage of organic waste and levels of microbial agents in house dust		Wouters et al. (2000)
Aerobiology Gwalior	India	Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Helminthosporium Curvularia, Rhizopu	To find out fungal flora and its impact		Jain (2000)
Indoor environments, Burdwan	India	Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Drechslera,Curvularia, Fusarium	Comparative survey of airborne fungal spores		Chakraborty et al. (2000)
Dust from carpet, Erfurt, Hamburg	Germany	Alternaria, Aspergillus,Cladosporium, Penicillium	To compare exposure to mold spores in two German cities		Koch et al. (2000)
Damp buildings, Lyngby	Denmark	Penicillium, Aspergillus, Chaetomium, Ulocladium, Stachybotrys,Cladosporium	To elucidate problems with fungal infestation in indoor environments		Gravesen et al. (1999)
Indoor environments	Uganda	Mycosphoerella Yeasts, Fusarium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Alternaria,Cochliobolus	To identify and enumerate the different airborne fungi		Ismail et al. (1999)
Aerobiology, Riyadh	Saudi Arabia	Cladosporium spp., Penicillium spp.,Aspergillus spp., Alternaria spp., Ulocladium spp., Drechslera spp., Rhizopus spp.,	To identify and quantify allergenic fungi and their seasonal fluctuations		Al-Suwaine et al. (1999)
Aerobiology, Riyadh	Saudi Arabia	Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Penicillium, Ulocladium, Drechslera, Fusarium, Rhizopus, Stachybotrys	To identify and quantify allergenic fungi	provide valuable information for the diagnosis and prophylaxis of allergic diseases	Al-Suwaine et al. (1999)
Indoor environments	Kuwait	Aspergillus, Penicillium, Bipolaris, Cladosporium, Alternaria	Study provides information on the prevalence of allergenic fungi in indoor environments of Kuwait		Khan et al. (1999)
Water damaged buildings	Denmark	Stachybotrys chartarum, Aspergillus versicolor, Trichoderma spp.	To verify the production of mycotoxins from A. versicolor, S. chartarum, T. harzianum, T. longibrachiatum and T. atroviride grown on artificially inoculated building materials		Nielsen et al. (1998)
Indoor atmosphere, Ismailia	Egypt	Aspergillus flavus,Aureobasidium pullulans,Cladosporium cladsporioides	Fungal spore population was studied		Wahid et al. (1996)
Saw mills, Lucknow	India	Alternaria, Aspergillus, Curvularia, Drechslera, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Penicillium	Fungi in different seasons in saw mill and their allergic potential were studied		Tewary and Mishra (1996)
Household environments, Riyadh	Saudi Arabia	Alternaria,Aspergillus, Cercospora, Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Curvularia, Drechslera, Embellisia, Fusarium, Mucor, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Scytalidium, Trichoderma, Torula, Ulocladium	Fungi inhabiting household environments in the West, East and Central localities of Riyadh city were screened		Bokhary and Parvez (1995)
Hospital New Delhi	India	Aspergillus flavus, A. niger A. versicolor Cladosporium, Alternaria, Fusarium oxalicum, Penicillium citrinum	Fungal airspora of hospital		Singh et al. (1994)