Table 1.

Ranges and literature data for the 12 input parameters included in the step 1-calibration process. Asterisks denote parameters that are not included in the calibration.

parameter	literature review	bounds
		low	up
Young's modulus, Etiss in MPa
cortical bone*, Ecort	10 000a; 15 750b; 17 400c; 20 400d	15 750
woven bone, Ebone	6000e; 201f; 540–8300g; 4000h; 1381–2380i	500	9000
cartilage, Ecart	3.1j; 200k; 5–39l; 20–76m	5	50
connective tissue, Econn	0.99n; 1.9o; 3p;	0.5	3
Poisson's ratio, νtiss
cortical bone*, νcort	0.39c; 0.36d; 0.325q	0.325
woven bone, νbone	0.23r; 0.32s	0.26	0.39
cartilage, νcart	0.174t; 0.4u; 0.35v; 0.47w; 0.46x	0.26	0.49
connective tissue, νconn	0.4p; 0.167y	0.26	0.49
fuzzy thresholds, Δ.decthr in % between ‘decrease’ and ‘stay unchanged’ for change in
blood perfusion, Δ.decperf		−47.5	−2.5
bone concentration, Δ.decbone		−47.5	−2.5
cartilage concentration, Δ.deccart		−47.5	−2.5
fuzzy thresholds, Δ.incthr in % between ‘stay unchanged’ and ‘increase’ for change in
blood perfusion*, Δ.incperf		=−Δ.decperf
bone concentration*, Δ.incbone		=−Δ.decperf
cartilage concentration, Δ.inccart		2.5	47.5
exponent values in the rule of mixture, exptiss
woven bone, expbone		1	5
cartilage, expcart		1	5

^aHuman femoral metaphysis [29].

^bPoroelastic properties of human cortical bone [30].

^cHuman cortical bone [31].

^dBovine cortical bone [31].

^eAssumption for ovine stiff callus tissue [8].

^fIndentation modulus for rat callus woven bone [32].

^gPoroelastic properties of the human calcaneus [33].

^hApparent elastic modulus of ovine callus woven bone [34].

ⁱPreliminary results for ovine bony callus tissue [35].

^jIndentation modulus for rat callus chondroid tissue [32].

^kApparent elastic modulus of ovine callus fibrocartilage [34].

^lPreliminary results for ovine callus fibrocartilage [35].

^mHuman fibrocartilaginous callus tissue [36].

ⁿIndentation modulus for rat callus granulation tissue [32].

^oCanine fibrous tissue at bone–cement interfaces [37].

^pInitial connective tissue within ovine fracture callus [8].

^qPoroelastic properties [38].

^rHuman calcaneus [33].

^sBovine cancellous bone [39].

^tArticular cartilage after equilibrium [40], applied as linear elastic material properties in a computational model by Witt et al. [41].

^uCanine articular cartilage [42].

^vCartilaginous tissue in rabbit spinal fusion [43].

^wAssumptions for cartilaginous non-ossified callus tissue [44].

^xBovine articular cartilage [45].

^yApplied in a computational model using poroelastic material properties [14].