Table 1.

Relevant studies related to heat, drought and low temperature stress in different countries around the world (chronological order); all cultivar names in single inverted commas. Barley = italics entries.

Country	Tested cultivars	Main research findings	Reference
Denmark	Tested 2,255 Mexican wheat landraces	Landraces were evaluated for traits associated with heat tolerance: canopy temperature depression (LCC), and 1000-kernel weight. Three landrace cultivars with superior and consistent LCC values were identified. These accessions are potentially useful sources for improving heat tolerance in cultivated wheat	Hede et al. (1999)
Australia	Wheat ‘Lyallpur’	Despite favourable day/night temperature (18/13 °C), drought reduced kernel dry weight at anthesis	Wardlow (2002)
Sudan	Wheat ‘Debira’, ‘El Nelein’ and ‘Donki’	A 2-year field study in two regions showed that ‘El Nelein’ performed best when sown late (air temp. 17–24 °C)	Ahmed et al. (2003)
China	Spring wheat ‘Ningchun18’	Soil water deficit both during the middle vegetative stage (jointing) and the late reproductive stages (filling and maturity or filling) and no-soil–water-deficit both during the late vegetative stage (booting) and the early reproductive stage (heading) had the highest yield increase of 25.0% and 14.0%	Zhang et al. (2006)
Bahrain	Three barley cultivars ‘Rehani-3’, ‘SLB’ and ‘Rum’	High temperature (27–33 °C) combined with water stress (−3 to −0.9 MPa) effect was the most pronounced than individual effect	Al-Karaki et al. (2007)
Egypt	Wheat ‘Sakha8’, ‘Sakha93’, ‘Sakha61’, ‘Chinese spring’	Based on drought susceptibility index ‘Sakha8’ and ‘Sakha93’ were tolerant while ‘Sakha61’ and ‘Chinese spring’ were susceptible to drought	El-Fadly et al. (2007)
Argentina	Three seasons and at each season a wheat, barley and triticale were evaluated	Wheat, barley and one triticale cultivars were evaluated in three seasons under three thermal conditions: control and two timing of heating before anthesis; stem elongation stage was most sensitive to high temperature stress. Growth chamber temperatures were maintained at an average 5.5 °C higher than air temperature	Ugarte et al. (2007)
Slovak Republic	Barley ‘Kompakt’	When stress was induced during shooting or earing, grain yields declined by >50% compared to optimal water regime	Krček et al. (2008)
Hungary	Wheat ‘GK-Elet’, ‘Mv-Emese’	Pot culture experiment in growth chamber. ‘Mv-Emese’ had better drought stress tolerance than ‘GK-Elet’	Lukacs et al. (2008)
Portugal	4 Triticum genotypes: ‘Golia’, ‘Sever’, ‘Acalou’, ‘TE9306’	After treated by heat stress (day/night 31/20 °C), analysis of plant samples showed that stress tolerant plant had more Fe and Mn than susceptible plants. Fe and Mn helped to overcome stress	Dias et al. (2009)
Iran	Wheat ‘Azar-2’, ‘Sardari’, ‘Frankia’, ‘Trakia’	‘Frankia’ performed better at various levels of terminal drought stress	Dalirie et al. (2010)
United Kingdom	Wheat ‘Damani’, ‘Gomal-8’, ‘Hashim-8’, ‘DN-73’, ‘Zam-04’, ‘Dera-98’	Only ‘Hashim-8’ was drought tolerant	Khakwani et al. (2011)
Iran	10 advanced spring barley cultivars ‘L1’ to ‘L10’	Crop physiological status of plants was remarkably affected by terminal heat stress, which ultimately reduced grain yield. Overall, ‘L6’ and ‘L8’ were heat-tolerant	Bavei et al. (2011)
India	Wheat ‘HD2851, ‘HI8498’, ‘HDR77’, ‘PBW343’, ‘HD2936’	Temperature (<18–20 °C air temperature) at reproductive stage caused sterility of pollen grains. ‘HD2851, ‘HI8498’and ‘HDR77’ were highly affected by low temperature (<15 °C). ‘PBW343’ and ‘HD2936’ were tolerant to air temperature at 11.6–15 °C	Chakrabarti et al., (2011)
Banglade-sh	8 wheat cultivars ‘Sourav’, ‘Gourav’, ‘Shatabdi’, ‘Sufi’, ‘Bijoy’, ‘BARI-Gom-25’, ‘BARI Gom-26’	Growth of early sown crop, and germination and grain-filling stages of late sown crops were highly affected by low air temperature and heat stress	Hossain et al. (2011)
Pakistan	5 wheat cultivars: ‘TJ-83’, ‘Imdad-2005’, ‘Abadgar-93’ , ‘Moomal-2000’, ‘Mehran-89’	‘Moomal-2000’ and ‘Mehran- 89’ performed better at 20–30 °C (air temperature) heat stress. ‘TJ-83’, ‘Imdad-2005’ and ‘Abadgar-93’ were heat-sensitive	Buriro et al. (2011)
Saudi Arabia	3 wheat cultivars: ‘KSU-105’, ‘KSU-106’, ‘Yecora Roja’	‘KSU-105’ performed better in late heat stress (25–30 °C). ‘KSU-106’ and ‘Yecora Roja’ were heat-sensitive	Refay (2011)
Russia	8 wheat ‘Amir’, ‘Aestina’, ‘Zlata’, ‘Lada’, ‘Priokskaya’, ‘Ester’, ‘MIS’, ‘Yubileinaya’	‘Zlata’ was sensitive to low air temperature (−3 °C) and ‘Ester’ and ‘Yubileinaya’ were tolerant to low temperature	Karmanenko et al. (2011)
Jordan	16 wheat ‘Hourani-27’, ‘Omguer-5’, ‘Genil-3’, ‘Stork’, ‘Korifla’, ‘Omrabi-5’, ‘Waha-1’, ‘Stojocri-3’, ‘Massara-1’, ‘Omsnima-1’, ‘Lagost-3’, ‘Heina’, ‘Ombar’, ‘Gersabil-2’, ‘Moulsabil-2, ‘Zeina-3	Mediterranean adapted cultivars had long pre-heading periods, followed by short periods and high rates of grain filling to avoid terminal drought and high temperature (25–31 °C) stress. ‘Waha-1’, ‘Omrabi-5’, and ‘Massara-1’ performed best	Al-Karaki (2012)