Table 3.

Serum levels of α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, retinol, and leptin at baseline and after 6 months of treatment.

Analvte Treatment Group	Baseline			6-month Follow-up			Absolute Rx Effect^b		Proportional Rx Effect^c (%)

	N	Mean (SE)^a	P^d	N	Mean (SE)^a	P^d	Mean (SE)^a	P^d
α-Tocopherol (ng/mL)
Placebo	21	13.4 (1.0)		21	14.3 (1.0)		0		-
Calcium	21	14.3 (1.0)	0.57	21	14.2 (1.1)	0.93	−1.0 (1.1)	0.36	−7.0
Vitamin D₃	22	13.7 (1.0)	0.87	22	13.5 (1.0)	0.59	−1.0(1.0)	0.32	−7.3
Calcium + Vitamin D₃	21	15.5 (1.0)	0.15	21	14.3 (1.0)	0.98	−2.2 (1.0)	0.04	−14.2
γ-Tocopherol (ng/mL)
Placebo	21	2.38 (0.25)		21	2.39 (0.25)		0		-
Calcium	21	1.97 (0.26)	0.24	21	1.93 (0.26)	0.20	−0.05 (0.28)	0.85	−2.9
Vitamin D₃	22	2.01 (0.25)	0.28	22	1.87 (0.26)	0.14	−0.15 (0.27)	0.57	−7.5
Calcium + Vitamin D₃	21	2.13 (0.26)	0.47	21	1.74 (0.26)	0.07	−0.40 (0.26)	0.14	−18.8
Trans Retinol (ng/mL)
Placebo	21	548.4 (33.9)		21	513.5 (34.4)		0		-
Calcium	21	597.4 (33.9)	0.31	21	583.1 (36.1)	0.17	20.5 (41.3)	0.62	3.4
Vitamin D₃	22	573.3 (33.1)	0.60	22	549.7 (34.0)	0.46	11.3 (39.8)	0.78	2.0
Calcium + Vitamin D₃	21	567.4 (33.9)	0.69	21	500.0 (33.9)	0.78	−32.4 (39.4)	0.41	−5.7
Leptin (ng/mL)
Placebo	21	17.2 (4.5)		21	17.6 (4.5)		0		-
Calcium	21	18.1 (4.5)	0.89	21	17.3 (4.5)	0.97	−1.1 (2.7)	0.68	−6.0
Vitamin D₃	22	14.9 (4.4)	0.72	22	16.8 (4.4)	0.91	1.5 (2.5)	0.54	10.1
Calcium + Vitamin D₃	21	26.3 (4.5)	0.15	21	24.1 (4.5)	0.30	−2.5 (2.5)	0.33	−9.5

Least-squares means are used.

Absolute treatment (Rx) effect = [(treatment group follow-up) – (treatment group baseline)] – [(placebo group follow-up) – (placebo group baseline)].

Proportional treatment (Rx) effect = (absolute treatment effect / treatment group baseline)× 100% (e.g., a proportional effect of 55% would mean that a 55% increase in the active treatment group relative to the placebo group).

P value for difference between each active treatment group and the placebo group from repeated measures MIXED model.