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One week post surgery, animals showed a marked elevation of CCL2 (panel A), Iba1 (panel B), and GFAP (panel C) compared to naïve controls. Both ketamine and ARA 290 significantly reduced the mRNA levels of these genes to a similar extent. *p<0.05 versus vehicle, #p<0.05 between ketamine and ARA 290 treatments, **p<0.05 versus naïve.
