Figure 2. Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-derived carbonyl stress and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cardiac and skeletal muscle following HFHS diet and/or exercise.

Rates of mitochondrial H₂O₂ emission (mito-) in the presence of succinate are shown in A for cardiac (left panel) and red gastrocnemius skeletal muscle (right panel) in all four experimental groups. Levels of PUFA-derived carbonyl stress in the four groups, as determined by the quantity of 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE)-modified proteins, are shown in B for cardiac tissue (left panel) and skeletal muscle tissue (right panel). Shown in C is the quantity of HNE-modified proteins in serum of animals from all four experimental groups. Data are shown as means + SEM, n= 7–8 per group. *P < 0.05 vs. Ctl Sed, **P < 0.05 vs. Ctl + Ex, †P < 0.05 vs. HFHS Sed and ‡P < 0.05 vs. HFHS + Ex.