Table 1.
Headache type, sociodemographics, exposure to PTIEs, and psychological distress, by frequency of recurrent headache, in 7620 adolescents*†
| Variables | N | No | Recurrent headache |
p Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Recurrent | ||||||
| Headache | Monthly | Weekly | Daily | |||
| N (%)/mean (SD) | N (%)/mean (SD) | N (%)/mean (SD) | N (%)/mean (SD) | |||
| Female | ||||||
| Headache | 3832 | 2707 (71) | 653 (17) | 385 (10) | 87 (2) | |
| TTH | – | 461 (71) | 249 (65) | 39 (45) | ||
| Migraine, without TTH | – | 137 (21) | 78 (20) | 19 (22) | ||
| Migraine, with TTH | – | 24 (4) | 43 (11) | 22 (25) | ||
| Non-classifiable | – | 31 (5) | 15 (4) | 7 (8) | <0.001‡ | |
| Age (years) | 3832 | 15.8 (1.7) | 15.9 (1.7) | 16.1 (1.8) | 16.0 (1.7) | 0.016§ |
| Family structure | 3798 | |||||
| Living w/both parents | 1819 (68) | 396 (61) | 216 (57) | 42 (48) | ||
| Other | 865 (32) | 250 (39) | 165 (43) | 45 (52) | <0.001‡ | |
| Family economy | 3630 | |||||
| Above average | 413 (16) | 77 (13) | 57 (16) | 8 (10) | ||
| Average | 1946 (76) | 456 (75) | 252 (69) | 62 (73) | ||
| Below average | 215 (8) | 74 (12) | 55 (15) | 15 (18) | <0.001‡ | |
| Sum of PTIE¶ | 3662 | |||||
| 0 | 2031 (78) | 423 (68) | 226 (61) | 47 (56) | ||
| 1 | 382 (15) | 119 (19) | 69 (19) | 22 (26) | ||
| 2 | 108 (4) | 50 (8) | 39 (11) | 5 (6) | ||
| ≥3 | 68 (3) | 28 (5) | 35 (9) | 10 (12) | <0.001‡ | |
| Psychological distress** | 3740 | 1.6 (0.5) | 1.8 (0.6) | 2.0 (0.7) | 2.0 (0.7) | <0.001§ |
| Male | ||||||
| Headache | 3788 | 3204 (85) | 418 (11) | 145 (4) | 21 (1) | |
| TTH | – | 324 (78) | 98 (68) | 13 (62) | ||
| Migraine, without TTH | – | 70 (17) | 25 (17) | 2 (10) | ||
| Migraine, with TTH | – | 9 (2) | 12 (8) | 4 (19) | ||
| Non-classifiable | – | 15 (4) | 10 (7) | 2 (9) | <0.001‡ | |
| Age (years) | 3788 | 15.8 (1.7) | 15.7 (1.7) | 15.7 (1.6) | 15.8 (2.1) | 0.596§ |
| Family structure | 3748 | |||||
| Living w/both parents | 2206 (70) | 273 (66) | 85 (60) | 12 (60) | ||
| Other | 968 (30) | 139 (34) | 57 (40) | 8 (40) | 0.047‡ | |
| Family economy | 3465 | |||||
| Above average | 614 (21) | 82 (22) | 26 (20) | 0 (0) | ||
| Average | 2107 (72) | 262 (69) | 89 (67) | 12 (63) | ||
| Below average | 211 (7) | 38 (10) | 17 (13) | 7 (37) | <0.001‡ | |
| Sum of PTIEs¶ | 3527 | |||||
| 0 | 2023 (68) | 244 (64) | 70 (53) | 9 (50) | ||
| 1 | 622 (21) | 67 (17) | 31 (24) | 4 (22) | ||
| 2 | 255 (9) | 49 (13) | 18 (14) | 3 (17) | ||
| ≥3 | 95 (3) | 23 (6) | 12 (9) | 2 (11) | <0.001‡ | |
| Psychological distress** | 3617 | 1.3 (0.4) | 1.5 (0.5) | 1.5 (0.6) | 1.9 (0.7) | <0.001§ |
*Recurrent headache is defined as headache ≥ monthly.
†Owing to rounding, percentages may not total 100.
‡Pearson χ² test.
§ANOVA, analysis of variance.
¶Exposure to PTIEs is measured as the sum of five binary variables.
**Range of possible score is 1–4.
PTIE, potentially traumatic interpersonal event; TTH, tension-type headache.