Table 1.
Prevalence of HIV, injecting drugs, violence and condom use among FSWs in Europe
| Country | Area | Population sampled | Survey year | Studies n |
Injecting drug use |
HIV (%) |
Violence | Non-condom use |
Reference | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | n | Range | Best | Range | Best | Clients | Other* | ||||||
| West | |||||||||||||
| Austria | 3 | STI clinics | 2002 | 1 | 1184 | 3% | 1–4† | 2 | 56 | ||||
| Belgium | 1 | N/A | 2008 | 1 | 1016 | N/A | 0.3 | 8 | |||||
| France | 1 | Chinese sex workers | 2008 | 1 | 46 | N/A | 0 (0) | 8 | |||||
| Germany | Nat | STI/VCT/private clinics | 2002; 2010–2011 | 2 | 290–3380 | 3% | 0.2–0.3 | 0.2 | 8 35 | ||||
| Greece | 1 | STI clinic (migrants) | 2005 | 1 | 299 | 0 | 0 (0) | 32 | |||||
| Italy | 4 | Street SWs at STI clinics | 1992–2008 | 4 | 118–558 | 9% | 1.6–8 | 7 | 12–16% | 84%7 | 57 58 31 37 | ||
| The Netherlands | 2 | Street and off street+ | 2002–2005 | 2 | 399–1018 | 16% | 0.5–13.6 | 3.8 | 11% | 89%8 | 56 38 | ||
| Norway | 1 | Specialist STI clinic (MSWs) | 2008 | 1 | 746 | N/A | 1 | 8 | |||||
| Portugal | 1 | Street (migrants) | 2000–2001 | 1 | 96 | 50–60% | 55% | 14 | 59 | ||||
| Spain | 4 | Street (migrants) | 1998–2004 | 5 | 301–3149 | 1% | 1% | 0.8–4.5 | 3%‡ | <5% | 92%9 | 29 26 60 33 28 | |
| Sweden | N/A | Prison | 2006–2007 | 1 | 45 | N/A | 2.2 | 8 | |||||
| UK | 5 | Street/off-street (migrants) | 1986–2009 | 5 | 25–268 | 4–96% | 4% | 0–24 | 1 | 30.2%1 | <1% | 70%10 | 59 55 22 61 |
| Centre | |||||||||||||
| Bosnia and Herzeg | 1 | N/A | 2007 | 1 | 42 | N/A | 0 (0) | 45 | |||||
| Bulgaria | 3 | Street/off-street§ | 2005, 2008 | 2 | 799–874 | 2% | 0.6–1.0 | 0.6 | 62 63 | ||||
| Croatia | 1 | NGO | 2003–2005 | 1 | 43 | 36% | 2 | 30–53%2 | <5%11 | 42 | |||
| Czech Republic | 2 | Street | 1999–2000 | 2 | 585–797 | 10% | 10% | 0.1–0.7% | 0.7 | 64 56 | |||
| Israel | 2 | Off-street, illegal migrants | 2008¶ | 2 | 43–300 | 0.1% | 0–0.3 | 0.3 | <5%12 | 30 27 | |||
| Hungary | N/A | Mobile clinic | 2006 | 1 | 500 | N/A | 0 (0) | 8 | |||||
| Macedonia | Multi | N/A | 2005–2007 | 3 | 48–67 | 7% | 0–1.9 | 1‡ | 44 | ||||
| Montenegro | N/A | N/A** | 2007 | 1 | 133 | N/A | 0.8 | 65 | |||||
| Poland | 2 | Clinic and community | 2002–2005 | 2 | 250–650 | 2% | 0–2 | 1 | 56 | ||||
| Romania | 1 | Street | 2006 | 1 | 204 | 22% | 1 | 46%3 | 35% | 52–60%12 | 8 | ||
| Serbia | 1 | Street/off-street†† | 2010 | 1 | 250 | 27% | 1 | 66 | |||||
| Serbia (Kosova) | 1 | Street/off street (migrants‡‡) | 2006 | 1 | 157 | 1% | 0 (0) | 16%3 | 38% | 45%13 | 67 | ||
| Turkey | 3 | Unregistered FSWs | 2006–2007 | 1 | 252 | 2% | 0.8 | 68 | |||||
| East | |||||||||||||
| Albania | 1 | Street/bars | 2008 | 1 | 90 | 0.2% | 1.1 | 30%4 | 69 | ||||
| Armenia | Multi | VCT/STI clinics | 2000–2007 | 3 | 168–250 | 0.4–1.2% | 1% | 0.4–1.2% | 0.4 | 33%14 | 56 70 71 | ||
| Azerbaijan | 2 | Street/off-street | 2003–2008 | 2 | 200–300 | 1% | 2.5–8.5 | 3 | 78% | 86%1 | 46 47 | ||
| Belarus | 1 | Street/STI clinics | 2004–2009 | 3 | 208–481 | 15.50% | 15% | 0–6.4 | 3‡ | 56 72 | |||
| Estonia | 1 | Street/off-street (RDS) | 2005–2006 | 1 | 227 | 7% | 8 | 25%15 | 48 | ||||
| Georgia | 2 | Street/off-street (TLS) | 2002–2009 | 7 | 114–160 | 1–6% | 6% | 0–1.9 | 1 | 13–29%5 | 10%12 | 73 49 | |
| Latvia | 2 | 2002–2004 | 2 | 92–93 | 53% | 16–18 | 18 | 56 | |||||
| Lithuania | 2 | Street/AIDS centre | 2005–2007 | 2 | 67–101 | 1% | 0% (0) | 0 (0) | 8%10 | 56 74 | |||
| Moldova | 4 | Harm reduction and RDS | 2001–2009 | 4 | 151–300 | 11% | 2.9–8.5 | 6 | 53.4%6 | 17%10 | 47 75 | ||
| Russian Fed | 17 | Street STI clinics | 2001–2009 | 9 | 66–1777 | 5–100% | 35% | 2–62.1 | 8‡ | 20–76%1 | 0–32%10 | 47 54 76 56 77 78 | |
| Ukraine | Multi | Street | 2002–2009 | 3 | 646–3248 | 15–24% | 24% | 12.9–20 | 13‡ | 10% | 56 79 80 | ||
| Kazakhstan | 6 | Community | 2005–2008 | 6 | 1960–3903 | 10–18% | 12% | 0.1–2.5 | 2‡ | 20% | 20–50%10 | 81 56 | |
| Kyrgyzstan | 1 | 2006 | 4 | 352 | 0.4–5% | 5% | 1.3–1.9 | 1‡ | <20% | 20–50%10 | 81 | ||
| Tajikistan | 5β | 2006–2008 | 4 | 1200 | 0.3–2% | 13% | 1.6–3.7 | 4‡ | 30%10 | 81 | |||
| Uzbekistan | Nat | FSWs and MSWs | 2003–2007 | 3 | 407–2000 | 0–100% | 7% | 4.7–58.5 | 5 | 82 83 84 | |||
*Other refers to all non-paying partners. Seven never using condoms; 8 inconsistent use with steady partner; nine not always using condom for vaginal sex; 10 no condom use at last vaginal sex; 11 no condom use at last commercial sex; 12 inconsistent; 13 never using condoms in last 30 days; 14 inconsistent condom use for vaginal sex in last 7 days and 15 inconsistent for vaginal and anal sex.
†Range provided as sample stratified by FSWs who are registered, illegal FSWs, unregistered FSW and FSWs recruited from STI clinic.
‡Weighted mean.
(1) Physical or sexual violence; (2) physical violence; (3) forced to have sex; (4) ever forced to have sex; (5) experience physical or sexual violence during last year, in Batumi 13% refers to physical violence only; (6) experienced violence or been threatened.
§Includes 16% MSWs +Includes 12.5% Transgender SWs.
¶Date of publication, no data available on year of study.
**Includes MSWs (n=14). In Norway and Uzbekistan % MSW in sample not specified.
††Includes MSWs (22%) and Transsexuals (16%).
‡‡Mostly migrants from Bulgaria, Albania, Moldova, Ukraine.
FSW, female sex worker; MSW, male sex worker; N/A, not available; Nat, National β refers to region; RDS, respondent driven sampling; STI, sexually transmitted infection; TLS, time location sampling; VCT, Voluntary Counselling and Testing.