Table 2.
Measures of adiposity and metabolic outcomes of HELP PD over 2 years by treatment group with tests for effect during the second year, M (SE)
| Variable | Group | Baseline | 6-month | 12-month | 18-month | 24-month | Adjusted means over 18 and 24 months of follow-upa | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weight (kg) | Control | 93.02 (1.32) | 91.55 (1.38) | 90.93 (1.37) | 90.93 (1.39) | 92.23 (1.43) | 92.80 (0.50) | |
| LWL | 94.38 (1.20) | 87.14 (1.22) | 87.44 (1.28) | 88.33 (1.36) | 88.81 (1.33) | 88.61 (0.51) | ||
| Diff | −4.19 (0.71) | <0.001 | ||||||
| BMI | Control | 32.56 (0.34) | 31.96 (0.34) | 31.95 (0.36) | 31.81 (0.35) | 32.16 (0.36) | 32.42 (0.18) | |
| LWL | 32.85 (0.32) | 30.38 (0.35) | 30.52 (0.36) | 30.76 (0.38) | 30.94 (0.38) | 31.02 (0.18) | ||
| Diff | −1.40 (0.25) | <0.001 | ||||||
| Waistb (cm) | Control | 104.37 (0.87) | 103.37 (0.90) | 103.45 (0.89) | — | 104.05 (0.91) | 104.30 (0.48) | |
| LWL | 104.93 (0.76) | 98.67 (0.84) | 99.22 (0.90) | — | 100.92 (0.93) | 101.06 (0.49) | ||
| Diff | −3.23 (0.69) | <0.001 | ||||||
| Glucose (mg/dL) | Control | 105.71 (0.82) | 106.97 (0.77) | 104.16 (0.99) | 107.42 (0.99) | 107.60 (1.08) | 107.44 (0.79) | |
| LWL | 105.37 (1.02) | 101.69 (0.81) | 101.11 (0.84) | 102.70 (0.98) | 103.28 (0.96) | 103.09 (0.81) | ||
| Diff | −4.35 (1.14) | <0.001 | ||||||
| Insulin (μU/mL) | Control | 16.74 (0.81) | 15.54 (1.07) | 12.81 (0.64) | 14.88 (1.62) | 13.71 (0.78) | 14.38 (0.76) | |
| LWL | 16.67 (0.79) | 10.73 (0.61) | 9.76 (0.46) | 10.15 (0.55) | 12.25 (1.02) | 11.37 (0.77) | ||
| Diff | −3.01 (1.08) | 0.006 | ||||||
| HOMA IR | Control | 4.45 (0.23) | 4.18 (0.30) | 3.33 (0.18) | 4.11 (0.51) | 3.76 (0.24) | 3.96 (0.25) | |
| LWL | 4.44 (0.24) | 2.77 (0.18) | 2.48 (0.13) | 2.63 (0.16) | 3.26 (0.31) | 2.99 (0.25) | ||
| Diff | −0.97 (0.35) | 0.006 | ||||||
| Weight loss (%) | Control | 0.00 | −1.18 (0.29) | −1.33 (0.39) | −0.93 (0.51) | −0.57 (0.55) | −0.77 (0.54) | |
| LWL | 0.00 | −7.52 (0.48) | −7.21 (0.57) | −5.82 (0.62) | −5.39 (0.66) | −5.35 (0.55) | ||
| Diff | −4.59 (0.77) | <0.001 |
a
Least-square means from a repeated-measures ANCOVA using the baseline value as a covariate; p-values represent the between-group comparison of the average of the 18- and 24-month means
b
Waist not measured at the 18-month visit
Diff, difference; HELP-PD, Healthy Living Partnerships to Prevent Diabetes; HOMA IR, homeostasis model of insulin resistance; LWL, lifestyle weight-loss intervention; UC, enhanced usual care intervention