Table 1. Summary of maternal antibody reactivity to the target autoantigens.
| Antigen/antigen combinations | AU/ASD, % (n=246) | TD, % (n=149) | P-valuea | OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reactivity to any antigenb |
89 (218) |
70 (105) |
<0.0001 |
3.26 (1.92–5.53) |
| Individual proteins | ||||
| LDH | 28 (68) | 13 (20) | 0.0012 | 2.5 (1.4–4.3) |
| Cypin | 25 (62) | 19 (29) | 0.22 | 1.4 (0.8–2.3) |
| STIP1 | 59 (145) | 36 (53) | <0.0001 | 2.6 (1.7–4) |
| CRMP1 | 32 (78) | 18 (27) | 0.0034 | 2.1 (1.3–3.4) |
| CRMP2 | 18 (44) | 7 (11) | 0.004 | 2.7 (1.4–5.5) |
| YBX1 | 31 (78) | 23 (34) | 0.065 | 1.57 (0.98–2.5) |
| Significant combinations | ||||
| LDH+STIP1 | 16 (40) | 6 (9) | 0.0026c | 3.0 (1.4–6.4) |
| LDH+CRMP1 | 9 (22) | 3 (4) | 0.0196c | 3.6 (1.2–10.5) |
| Cypin+STIP1 | 18 (45) | 8 (12) | 0.0049c | 2.6 (1.3–5) |
| Cypin+CRMP1 | 9 (22) | 3 (5) | 0.038c | 2.8 (1–7.6) |
| STIP1+CRMP1 | 18 (45) | 7 (10) | 0.0014c | 3.1 (1.5–6.4) |
| Specific combinations | ||||
| Combinations of two antigens | ||||
| LDH+YBX1 | 2 (4) | 0 (0) | 0.16c | 3.1 (0.37–124)d |
| LDH+CRMP2 | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 0.5c | 2.18 (0.15–67)d |
| YBX1+CRMP2 | 5 (12) | 0.6 (1) | 0.037c | 7.6 (0.97–59)d |
| CRMP1+CRMP2 | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 0.5c | 2.18 (0.15–67)d |
| Combinations of three or more antigens | ||||
| LDH+Cypin+STIP1 | 5 (12) | 0.6 (1) | 0.0371c | 3.8 (0.96–29.1)d |
| LDH+STIP1+CRMP1 | 5 (13) | 0 (0) | 0.0025c | 8.3 (1–293)d |
| LDH+Cypin+STIP1+CRMP1 | 2 (5) | 0 (0) | 0.16c | 3.1 (0.37–124)d |
| LDH+Cypin+YBX1+STIP1 | 2 (4) | 0 (0) | 0.16c | 3.1 (0.37–124)d |
| LDH+Cypin+YBX1+STIP1+CRMP2 | 0.4 (1) | 0 (0) | 1c | 1.82 (0.07–45)d |
| LDH+YBX1+STIP1+CRMP1+CRMP2 | 0.4 (1) | 0 (0) | 1c | 1.82 (0.07–45)d |
| Cypin+STIP1+CRMP1 | 7 (18) | 0.6 (1) | 0.0025c | 5.8 (1.5–43.9)d |
| Cypin+YBX1+STIP1+CRMP1 | 2 (4) | 0 (0)e | 0.16c | 3.1 (0.37–124)d |
| Cypin+YBX1+STIP1+CRMP2 | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 0.5c | 2.18 (0.15–67)d |
| Cypin+YBX1+STIP1+CRMP1+CRMP2 | 0.4 (1) | 0 (0) | 1c | 1.82 (0.07–45)d |
| YBX1+STIP1+CRMP2 | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 0.5c | 2.18 (0.15–67)d |
| YBX1+STIP1+CRMP1+CRMP2 | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 0.5c | 2.18 (0.15–67)d |
| All specific combinations combined | 23 (56)f | 1 (2) | <0.0001c | 21.7 (5.2–90) |
Abbreviations: ASD, autism spectrum disorder; AU, autism; CI, confidence interval; CRMP, collapsin response mediator protein; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; OR, odds ratio; STIP1, stress-induced phosphoprotein 1; TD, typically developing; YBX1, Y-box-binding protein.
a
Likelihood ratio χ2 test (two-sided).
b
‘Any' in this context means the reactivity to an individual protein alone or in any combination.
c
Fisher's exact test (two-sided).
d
Small sample size adjustment of OR and 95% confidence limits,25 implemented using R code (http://rss.acs.unt.edu/Rdoc/library/epitools/html/oddsratio.html).
e
YBX1 adds specificity to Cypin/STIP1/CRMP1 pattern.
f
Takes into account only those mothers with reactivity not represented in more than one pattern.