Table 2.
Bivariate Linear Regression Models for Relationship of Serum 25(OH)D and Other Participant Characteristics With FEV1, FVC, and FEV1/FVC, Respectively, Among Women in WHAS I
| FEV1 |
FVC |
FEV1/FVC |
||||
| Characteristic | β (SE) | p Value | β (SE) | p Value | β (SE) | p Value |
| Age (y) | −0.020 (0.002) | <.0001 | −0.028 (0.002) | <.0001 | 0.0008 (0.0006) | .18 |
| Race, white | 0.114 (0.040) | .005 | 0.241 (0.053) | <.0001 | −0.046 (0.011) | <.0001 |
| Education <12 y | −0.149 (0.037) | <.0001 | −0.234 (0.048) | <.0001 | 0.016 (0.010) | .11 |
| Smoking* | ||||||
| Former | −0.093 (0.059) | .11 | −0.065 (0.051) | 0.20 | −.051 (0.010) | <.0001 |
| Current | −0.144 (0.038) | 0.0002 | 0.021 (0.078) | 0.79 | −0.053 (0.016) | 0.001 |
| Height (cm) | 0.016 (0.002) | <.0001 | 0.029 (0.003) | <.0001 | −0.003 (0.0005) | <.0001 |
| Physical activity† | ||||||
| Low | 0.186 (0.047) | .0001 | 0.459 (0.069) | <.0001 | −0.025 (0.013) | .07 |
| Moderate-to-high | 0.300 (0.053) | <.0001 | 0.325 (0.063) | <.0001 | −0.018 (0.015) | .24 |
| Log parathyroid hormone (pg/mL) | −0.133 (0.029) | <.0001 | −0.206 (0.039) | <.0001 | 0.009 (0.008) | .26 |
| Parathyroid hormone >65 pg/mL | −0.155 (0.037) | <.0001 | −0.233 (0.048) | <.0001 | 0.007 (0.010) | .48 |
| Log 25(OH)D (ng/mL) | 0.152 (0.034) | <.0001 | 0.208 (0.046) | <.0001 | −0.002 (0.009) | .84 |
| 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D (pg/mL) | −0.0007 (0.001) | .55 | 0.0002 (0.002) | .89 | −0.0005 (0.0003) | .13 |
| Use of vitamin D supplements | 0.053 (0.061) | .38 | 0.019 (0.080) | .81 | 0.026 (0.017) | .13 |
| Serum phosphate (mg/dL) | −0.012 (0.037) | .74 | −0.032 (0.049) | .52 | 0.008 (0.010) | .43 |
| Serum calcium (mg/dL) | 0.089 (0.039) | .02 | 0.069 (0.052) | .19 | 0.016 (0.011) | .13 |
| MMSE < 24 | −0.217 (0.048) | <.0001 | −0.363 (0.063) | <.0001 | 0.041 (0.014) | .003 |
| Anemia | −0.105 (0.046) | .02 | −0.225 (0.060) | .0002 | 0.037 (0.013) | .004 |
| Interleukin-6 < 2.5 pg/mL | 0.127 (0.036) | .0004 | 0.158 (0.048) | .001 | 0.004 (0.010) | .70 |
| Hypertension | 0.008 (0.036) | .82 | −0.027 (0.048) | .57 | 0.008 (0.010) | .42 |
| Angina | 0.018 (0.043) | .66 | 0.015 (0.057) | .78 | 0.005 (0.012) | .68 |
| Heart failure | −0.176 (0.064) | .006 | −0.200 (0.085) | .02 | −0.005 (0.018) | .78 |
| Peripheral artery disease | −0.147 (0.045) | .001 | −0.149 (0.060) | .01 | −0.020 (0.013) | .11 |
| Stroke | −0.030 (0.078) | .69 | −0.236 (0.103) | .02 | 0.089 (0.022) | <.0001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 0.027 (0.049) | .57 | −0.062 (0.065) | .34 | 0.035 (0.014) | .01 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | −0.358 (0.036) | <.0001 | −0.142 (0.051) | .005 | −0.138 (0.009) | <.0001 |
| Depression | −0.056 (0.048) | .25 | −0.096 (0.064) | .14 | 0.007 (0.014) | .60 |
| Cancer | 0.089 (0.058) | .13 | 0.133 (0.078) | .09 | −0.010 (0.017) | .52 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 0.031 (0.037) | .39 | −0.006 (0.048) | .90 | 0.017 (0.010) | .09 |
| Season‡ | ||||||
| Spring | −0.027 (0.059) | .63 | −0.047 (0.078) | .54 | −0.009 (0.015) | .52 |
| Summer | −0.054 (0.052) | .30 | −0.065 (0.070) | .35 | −0.005 (0.016) | .74 |
| Autumn | −0.055 (0.052) | .29 | −0.089 (0.069) | .20 | −0.0003 (0.015) | .98 |
Notes: FEV1, forced expiratory volume in one second; FVC, forced vital capacity; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; WHAS I, Women’s Health and Aging Study I.
*
Reference category is never smoking.
†
Reference category is inactive.
‡
Season at time of blood drawing. Winter is the reference category.