Table 3. Summary of clinical outcome studies in acute adult psychiatric settings.
| Paper Country | Design and Data Collection | Total number of Participants N (male), diagnosis | NEx | NCt | Mean Age (yrs) | Outcomes | Measures | Summary of intervention: Experimental (E) | Summary of intervention: Control (C) | N sessions (S), frequencyduration | Drop-outs | Bias risk QS% |
| Cassity, 197637 USA | Controlled study Pre-MT, Post-MT (2 wks) | 12 (0) | 6 | 6 | E: 25 C :27 | Group cohesion Peer acceptance IP relations | SQ | Guitar tuition with performance plus 6 hours daily community treatment program | 6 hours daily community treatment program | S = 10 Daily over 2wks | 2 | M 41 |
| 8 Schizophrenia | 4 | 4 | ||||||||||
| 1 Hyperchondrial neurosis | 1 | 0 | ||||||||||
| 1 Depressive neurosis | 1 | 0 | ||||||||||
| 1 Passive Dependent | 0 | 1 | ||||||||||
| 1 Hysterical neurosis | 0 | 1 | ||||||||||
| Moe et al., 200073 NL | Pre- Post Pre-MT, Post-MT (6 mths) | 9(7) | 9 | 29 | Global functioning | GAF | Modified Guided Imagery in Music | N/A | S = 23-32 1pw over 6 months. | 0 | M 59 | |
| 5 Schizotypal | 5 | |||||||||||
| 3 Schizophrenia | 3 | |||||||||||
| 1 Schizoaffective | 1 | |||||||||||
| Morgan et al., 201174 Australia | RCT Pre-MT, Post-MT (2wks), f/u (1 mth) | 60* (49 (23) Completed) *Analysis only on completed | E: 35 C: 37 | Anxiety, depression, stress Patient ward behaviour Depression Psychiatric symptoms | DASS-21 NOSIE-30 Calgary BPRS | Individual music therapy using improvisation or songwriting. | Sitting with therapist listening to a pre-recorded CD playing relaxing nature sounds. | S = 4 2pw over 2 weeks. | 11 E:5 C:6 | L 85 | ||
| 25 Schizophrenia | 11 | 14 | ||||||||||
| 12 Schizoaffective | 6 | 6 | ||||||||||
| 12 Bipolar | 8 | 4 | ||||||||||
| Odell-Miller et al., 200684 UK | RCT Pre-MT, Mid (3 mths), Post-MT (6mths) PQRST: Monthly. | 45 (10) Individual MT = 2 Group MT = 1 | nr | nr | 37 | Anxiety and depression Issues of importance to patient Clinical Outcomes Life skills | HADS PQRST CORE LSP | Arts therapies- Individual AT Group AT Individual DMT Individual MT* Group MT* Plus standard psychiatric support. *MT: improvisation | Standard psychiatric support. | Frequency NR 6 months | 20 E:14 C:6 | M 59 |
| 9 Schizophrenia | nr | nr | ||||||||||
| 6 Bipolar | nr | nr | ||||||||||
| 3 Depression | nr | nr | ||||||||||
| 3 Residual depression | nr | nr | ||||||||||
| 2 Schizoaffective | nr | nr | ||||||||||
| 1 Dementia | nr | nr | ||||||||||
| 1 Eating Disorder | nr | nr | ||||||||||
| Silverman & Marcionetti, 200496 USA | Pre- Post Pre-MT, Post-MT (single session) | 189 Gender: nr | nr | Self-reported Mood; Psychiatric symptoms; Feelings re: hospital; Self-esteem; Self-expression; Knowledge of coping skills; Managing anger; Appraisal of MT | Researcher designed 10pt VAS | 5 single interventions: 1. Group drumming 2. Music games 3. Lyric analysis 4. Songwriting 5. Music listening | N/A | S = 1 Single session 2pw over 3 weeks. Each offered 8 times. | 0 | M 37 | ||
| Group drumming | 48 | |||||||||||
| Music Games | 37 | |||||||||||
| Lyric Analysis | 34 | |||||||||||
| Songwriting | 35 | |||||||||||
| Music Listening | 35 | |||||||||||
| Schizophrenia | nr | |||||||||||
| Schizoaffective | nr | |||||||||||
| Bipolar | nr | |||||||||||
| Major Depressive Disorder | nr | |||||||||||
| Psychosis | nr | |||||||||||
| Silverman, 2009a100 USA | RCT Post-MT (single session) | 105 Gender: nr | E: 37 C: 41 | Social Functioning Patient appraisal Satisfaction with life Psycho- educational knowledge Therapist and patient verbalising in group | Researcher designed scales: 1 = worse 7 = better Helpful Enjoyment Comfort SWLS KIRI Observer rated | Opening song; Lyric analysis focusing on relapse prevention and management of mental illness | Scripted verbal psychoeducation with opening activity | S = 1 Single session 2pw over 5 months. 28 of 32 sessions attended. E = 15 sessions C = 13 sessions | App: 1 SWLS 1 | L 70 | ||
| Bipolar | nr | |||||||||||
| Major Depressive Disorder | nr | |||||||||||
| Substance abuse | nr | |||||||||||
| Schizoaffective | nr | |||||||||||
| Schizophrenia | nr | |||||||||||
| Silverman, 2011a102 USA | 2 x RCTs Study 1: Pre-MT, 1 month f/u Study 2: Pre-MT, Post-MT (single session) | Study 1: 30 Study 2: 29 Gender: nr | nr | Knowledge of coping skills | PCI | Songwriting, lyric analysis and music games to address psychoeducational objectives such as coping skills, relapse prevention, leisure skills, mental health knowledge. | Psychoeducation objectives such as coping skills, relapse prevention, leisure skills, mental health knowledge without music. | Study 1: S = 3 30mins, 3pw over 4 weeks. Study 2: S = 1 45mins single session. | Study 1:21 E:11 C:10 Study 2: 0 | M 63 | ||
| Bipolar | nr | |||||||||||
| Major depressive disorder | nr | |||||||||||
| Schizoaffective | nr | |||||||||||
| Substance abuse | nr | |||||||||||
| Schizophrenia | nr | |||||||||||
| Silverman, 2011b103 USA | RCT Post-MT (single session) | 89 (32) Mixed diagnoses: nr | E: 37 C: 40 | Coping skills Enjoyment Therapist and Patient Working alliance | COPE Researcher designed scale 1 = Low 7 = High. HAQ-II | Opening song to state name and how feeling; Songwriting concerning coping skills using 12-bar blues. | Non-music psychoeducation group focused on coping skills. | S = 1 Single session 1pw over 4 months. | HAQ: 19 | M 63 | ||
| Talwar et al., 2006116 UK | RCT Pre-MT, Post-MT (3 mths) | 81 (60) Schizophrenia | 33 | 48 | E:35 C:39 | Positive and negative symptoms Global Functioning Patient satisfaction | PANSS GAF CSQ | Individual music therapy using improvisation and talking to guide, interpret or enhance musical experience plus routine standard care. | Routine standard care including nursing care and access to occupational, social and other inpatient activities. | S = 12 1pw over 12 weeks. | 12 E:5 C:7 | L 89 |
| Ulrich et al., 2007118 Germany | RCT Pre-MT, post-MT | 37 (20) | 16 | 11 | E:36 C:40 | Negative symptoms IP contact: Nurse & Patient rated Quality of life | SANS GT subscales 1, 5 and 6 SPG | Structured group sessions using mainly active music making on rhythm instruments; structured improvisation, playing/singing pre-composed music, verbal reflection plus standard treatment. | Standard treatment. | S = 7-8 1-2 pw over 8 months. Average n sessions received = 7.5 (sd 3.5) | SANS: E:5 C:5 GTN: E:0 C:3 GT-P: E:4 C:3 SPG: E:4 C:2 | L 82 |
| 27 Schizophrenia | 16 | 11 | ||||||||||
| 4 Schizoaffective | 3 | 1 | ||||||||||
| 1 Schizotypal | 0 | 1 | ||||||||||
| 3 Drug induced psychosis | 2 | 1 | ||||||||||
| 2 Depression with psychosis | 0 | 2 |
BPRS- Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Calgary- Calgary Interview Guide for Depression, COPE- Brief COPE Inventory, CORE- Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation, CSQ- Client Satisfaction Questionnaire, DASS-21- Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale, GAF- Global Assessment of Functioning Scale, GT- Gießentest , HADS- Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, HAQ-II- Helping Alliance Questionnaire, KIRI- Knowledge of Illness and Resources Inventory, LSP- Life Skills Profile, NOSIE-30- Nurses’ Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation, PANSS- Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale, PCI- Proactive Coping Inventory, PQRST- Personal Questionnaire Rapid Scaling Technique, SANS- Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, SPG- Scales for Mental Health, SWLS- Satisfaction with Life Scale, SQ- Sociometric Questionnaire, VAS- Visual Analogue Scale
AT- Art Therapy, DMT- Dance Movement Therapy, MT, Music Therapy, nr- Not reported, N/A- Not applicable, pw- per week, IP relationship- Interpersonal Relationships