Table 5. Comparison of outcomes (standardised mean difference) across studies and vote count.
| Outcome | Study | Measure | Session content | Technique | N sess | SMD Pr-Po | SMD E vs C | E | G | S | Bias risk |
| Social and interpersonal outcomes | |||||||||||
| Interpersonal contact- patient rated | Ulrich et al 2007 | GT Patient | Active | Improvisation, pre-composed | 7.5 | 0.41 | 0.64* | + | + | + | L |
| Interpersonal contact- nurse rated | Ulrich et al 2007 | GT Nurse | Active | Improvisation, pre-composed | 7.5 | 0.18 | 0.25 | + | + | L | |
| Social Functioning | Silverman 2009a | RD Scale | Receptive | Lyric analysis | 1 | na | 0.09 | + | + | L | |
| Interaction | Morgan et al 2011 | NOSIE Interaction | Active | Improvisation, songwriting | 4 | 0.5 | −2.30 | + | - | L | |
| Working alliance- therapist | Silverman 2011b | HAQ-II Therapist | Active | Songwriting | 1 | na | 1.09* | + | + | + | M |
| Working alliance- patient | Silverman 2011b | HAQ-II Patient | Active | Songwriting | 1 | na | 0.31 | + | + | M | |
| Dichotomous Social and interpersonal | |||||||||||
| Group cohesion | Cassity 1976 | SQ | Active | Didactic | 10 | 1.12 | 0.98 | + | + | M | |
| Peer Acceptance | Cassity 1976 | SQ | Active | Didactic | 10 | 0.76 | 0.61 | + | + | M | |
| Interpersonal relations | Cassity 1976 | SQ | Active | Didactic | 10 | nr | nr | M | |||
| Global functioning | |||||||||||
| Talwar et al 2006 | GAF | Active | Improvisation, verbal reflection | 12 | 0.43 | 0.13 | + | + | L | ||
| Moe et al 2000 | GAF | Receptive | Modified GIM | 28 | 1.22* | na | + | + | M | ||
| Increased quality of life | |||||||||||
| Ulrich et al 2007 | SPG | Active | Improvisation, pre-composed | 7.5 | 0.24 | 0.05 | + | + | L | ||
| Global distress | |||||||||||
| Odell-Miller 2006 | CORE | Active | Improvisation | nr | 0.09 | 0.02 | - | - | M | ||
| General psychiatric symptoms | |||||||||||
| Morgan et al 2011 | BPRS Total | Active | Improvisation, songwriting | 4 | −1.07 | −0.16* | + | + | + | L | |
| Talwar et al 2006 | PANSS General | Active | Improvisation, verbal reflection | 12 | −0.71 | −0.32 | + | + | L | ||
| Negative symptoms | |||||||||||
| Morgan et al 2011 | BPRS -ve symptoms | Active | Improvisation, songwriting | 4 | −1.43 | −0.03* | + | + | + | L | |
| Ulrich et al 2007 | SANS Total | Active | Improvisation, pre-composed | 7.5 | −0.53 | −0.42* | + | + | + | L | |
| Talwar et al 2006 | PANSS -ve symptoms | Active | Improvisation, verbal reflection | 12 | −0.56 | −0.30 | + | + | L | ||
| Positive symptoms | |||||||||||
| Morgan et al 2011 | BPRS+ve symptoms | Active | Improvisation, songwriting | 4 | −1.08 | −0.24* | + | + | + | L | |
| Morgan et al 2011 | NOSIE Psychosis | Active | Improvisation, songwriting | 4 | −0.67 | −0.10 | + | + | L | ||
| Talwar et al 2006 | PANSS+ve symptoms | Active | Improvisation, verbal reflection | 12 | −0.67 | −0.28 | + | + | L | ||
| Positive and negative symptoms | |||||||||||
| Talwar et al 2006 | PANSS Total | Active | Improvisation, verbal reflection | 12 | −0.66 | −0.26* | + | + | + | L | |
| Depression | |||||||||||
| Morgan et al 2011 | BPRS Depression | Active | Improvisation, songwriting | 4 | −1.06 | −0.05* | + | + | + | L | |
| Morgan et al 2011 | Calgary | Active | Improvisation, songwriting | 4 | −0.63 | −0.04 | + | + | L | ||
| Morgan et al 2011 | DASS-21 | Active | Improvisation, songwriting | 4 | −0.51 | 0.02 | + | − | L | ||
| Anxiety and depression | |||||||||||
| Odell-Miller 2006 | HADS | Active | Improvisation | nr | −0.12 | 0.15 | + | − | M | ||
| Dissociation | |||||||||||
| Morgan et al 2011 | BPRS Dissociation | Active | Improvisation, songwriting | 4 | −0.73 | −0.12* | + | + | + | L | |
| Mania | |||||||||||
| Morgan et al 2011 | BPRS Mania | Active | Improvisation, songwriting | 4 | −1.2 | −0.13* | + | + | + | L | |
| Anxiety | |||||||||||
| Morgan et al 2011 | DASS-21 | Active | Improvisation, songwriting | 4 | −0.83 | −0.10 | + | + | L | ||
| Stress | |||||||||||
| Morgan et al 2011 | DASS-21 | Active | Improvisation, songwriting | 4 | −0.71 | −0.22 | + | + | L | ||
| Irritability | |||||||||||
| Morgan et al 2011 | NOSIE Irritability | Active | Improvisation, songwriting | 4 | −0.5 | 0.13 | + | − | L | ||
| Ward behaviour | |||||||||||
| Morgan et al 2011 | NOSIE Total | Active | Improvisation, songwriting | 4 | 0.46 | −0.08 | + | + | L | ||
| Life skills | |||||||||||
| Odell-Miller 2006 | LSP | Active | Improvisation | nr | −0.3 | −0.63 | − | − | M | ||
| Psychoeducational knowledge | |||||||||||
| Silverman 2009a | KIRI | Receptive | Lyric analysis | 1 | na | 0.08 | + | L | |||
| Coping skills | |||||||||||
| Silverman 2011a | Study 1: PCI | Mixed | Songwriting, lyric analysis, music games | 3 | na | 1.52 | + | M | |||
| Silverman 2011a | Study 2: PCI | Mixed | Songwriting, lyric analysis, music games | 1 | na | 0.12 | + | M | |||
| Silverman 2011b | COPE | Active | Songwriting | 1 | na | 0.03 | + | M | |||
| Appraisal and satisfaction | |||||||||||
| Increased satisfaction with services | Talwar et al 2006 | CSQ | Active | Improvisation, verbal reflection | 12 | 0.34 | 0.33 | + | + | L | |
| Increased enjoyment | Silverman 2011b | RD Scale | Active | Songwriting | 1 | na | 0.09 | + | M | ||
| Increased enjoyment | Silverman 2009a | RD Scale | Receptive | Lyric analysis | 1 | na | 0.15 | + | L | ||
| Increased helpfulness | Silverman 2009a | RD Scale | Receptive | Lyric analysis | 1 | na | 0.09 | + | L | ||
| Increased satisfaction with life | Silverman 2009a | SWLS | Receptive | Lyric analysis | 1 | na | 0.24 | + | L | ||
| Increased comfort | Silverman 2009a | RD Scale | Receptive | Lyric analysis | 1 | na | −0.08 | − | L | ||
| Vote count coding key |
+Direction of experimental pre-post SMD indicates improvement/group difference SMD favours intervention/significantly favours intervention.
− Direction of experimental pre-post SMD indicates deterioration/group difference SMD favours control/significantly favours control.
Statistically significant (p<.05).
N sess- Number of sessions received, SMD- Standardised mean difference, Count- Vote count, nr- not reported, na- not applicable.
BPRS- Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Calgary- Calgary Interview Guide for Depression, COPE- Brief COPE Inventory, CORE- Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation, CSQ- Client Satisfaction Questionnaire, DASS-21- Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale, GAF- Global Assessment of Functioning Scale, HADS- Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, HAQ-II- Helping Alliance Questionnaire, KIRI- Knowledge of Illness and Resources Inventory, LSP- Life Skills Profile, NOSIE- Nurses' Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation, PANSS- Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale, PCI- Proactive Coping Inventory, RD- Researcher designed, SANS- Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, SMD- Standardised mean difference, SPG- Scales for Mental Health, SQ- Social Questionnaire, SWLS- Satisfaction with Life Scale.