Table 1. HA hydrogel injections and their mechanical and fibrotic effects.
| HA derivative | Type of crosslinking | Animal model and vocal fold condition | Seeded cell type | Biomechanical properties, compared with saline injection | Fibrotic effects compared with saline controls |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
HA-DTPH-PEGDA |
PEGDA |
Injured rabbit29 |
None |
-No change in G’ -Lower G” |
-Moderate fibrosis, no difference -No difference for Col -No difference for HA |
|
Carbylan-S® |
PEGDA |
Injured rabbit29 |
None |
-Lower G’ -Lower G” |
-Mild fibrosis, significant -difference -No difference for Col -No difference for HA |
|
Extracel® |
Thiolated gelatin (Gtn-DTPH) |
Scarred rabbit34 |
None |
-Lower G’ -Lower G” |
-Increased Col -Increased FN -Increased Procollagen |
|
Extracel® |
Thiolated gelatin (Gtn-DTPH) |
Scarred rabbit34 |
Autologous VFF |
-Lower G’ -Lower G” |
-Increased Col -Increased FN |
|
Extracel® |
Thiolated gelatin (Gtn-DTPH) |
Scarred rat35 |
Mouse bone marrow MSC |
-No data available |
-Increased Col-III -Increased FN -Increased TGF-β1 |
| Collagen-HA cogel | Physical entanglement | Injured rabbit38 | Rabbit adipose MSC | -No data available | -Increased Col for 3 mo, then normal -Increased HA for 3 mo, then normal |
G’, elastic modulus; G”, viscous modulus; Col, collagen; FN, fibronectin; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; VFF, vocal fold fibroblasts.