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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2013;(216):171–197. doi: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1511-4_9

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

Ceramide-enriched redox signaling platforms associated with NADPH oxidase in endothelial dysfunction. Upon ASMase stimulation, ceramide is released to promote MR clustering and form ceramide-enriched MR platforms, with aggregation and assembling of NADPH oxidase subunits and other proteins such as Rac GTPase. Then, NADPH oxidase is activated to produce O2•–, which reacts with NO to produce ONOO– resulting in endothelial dysfunction in coronary arteries. Further, NADPH oxidase-derived O2•– regulates ASMase activation and ceramide production in a feedforward manner