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. 2013 Jul 15;110(31):12545–12548. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1302269110

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Fig. 1. — (A) Schematic of an elastic layer between two rigid plates. Pulling the plates apart causes the two free menisci to lose stability by forming a series of undulating digital fingers. (B) The experimentally measured amplitude of the fingers as a function of plate separation , along with a top view of the undulating meniscus showing the fingers of air (Lower) invading the elastic layer (Upper). The layer thickness is and the width is . Observe the hysteresis in the transition associated with the difference between the loading and unloading curves. (C) Numerical results for an identical quasi-static loading and unloading protocol (SI Appendix, Numerical Simulations) calculated using a finite element method for an elastic layer of thickness and width show the same qualitative features—a hysteretic transition (Upper) associated with the formation of undulating fingers (Lower).

Inline graphic — (A) Schematic of an elastic layer between two rigid plates. Pulling the plates apart causes the two free menisci to lose stability by forming a series of undulating digital fingers. (B) The experimentally measured amplitude of the fingers as a function of plate separation , along with a top view of the undulating meniscus showing the fingers of air (Lower) invading the elastic layer (Upper). The layer thickness is and the width is . Observe the hysteresis in the transition associated with the difference between the loading and unloading curves. (C) Numerical results for an identical quasi-static loading and unloading protocol (SI Appendix, Numerical Simulations) calculated using a finite element method for an elastic layer of thickness and width show the same qualitative features—a hysteretic transition (Upper) associated with the formation of undulating fingers (Lower).