Figure 4.

RSK2-mediated signaling pathways regulate cancer development. Extracellular stimuli including cytokines, growth factors, and environmental stresses induces the RSK2 phosphorylation through receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), Ras, Raf, MEK, and ERK, resulting in activation of RSK2. The activated RSK2 phosphorylates the downstream target proteins including transcription factors such as ATF1 and p53, epigenetic factors such as histone H3 and histone 2AX, and signaling molecules such as caspase-8 and IκBα, resulting in the cell proliferation and transformation, and cancer development.