Table 3.
Association of HIV exposure and other factors with underweight* in 1-year olds, Entebbe municipality and Katabi sub-county, Uganda, 2003–2005
| WAZ | Difference in WAZ | P value | Underweight | Odds for underweight | P value | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk factor | n | Mean | sd | Adjusted difference† | 95 % CI | (trend) | n/N | % | Unadjusted OR | 95 % CI | Adjusted OR† | 95 % CI | (trend) |
| HIV exposure | |||||||||||||
| HIV-unexposed | 1376 | −0·30 | 1·16 | – | – | 102/1375 | 7·4 | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | ||
| HIV-exposed | 122 | −0·45 | 1·28 | −0·13 | −0·35, 0·09 | 0·229 | 18/122 | 14·8 | 2·16 | 1·26, 3·70 | 2·32 | 1·32, 4·09 | 0·006 |
| Sex of child | |||||||||||||
| Male | 763 | −0·41 | 1·24 | – | – | 76/763 | 10·0 | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | ||
| Female | 735 | −0·20 | 1·13 | 0·22 | 0·10, 0·34 | <0·001 | 44/734 | 6·0 | 0·58 | 0·39, 0·85 | 0·57 | 0·38, 0·85 | 0·006 |
| Mother's age group (years) | |||||||||||||
| 14–19 | 338 | −0·48 | 1·13 | – | – | 0·052 | 34/338 | 10·1 | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 0·609 |
| 20–24 | 562 | −0·32 | 1·15 | 0·17 | 0·01, 0·33 | 0·009 | 41/561 | 7·3 | 0·70 | 0·44, 1·13 | 0·70 | 0·42, 1·14 | |
| 25–29 | 353 | −0·21 | 1·13 | 0·22 | 0·04, 0·40 | 24/353 | 6·8 | 0·65 | 0·38, 1·13 | 0·67 | 0·37, 1·19 | ||
| 30–34 | 169 | −0·24 | 1·23 | 0·18 | −0·04, 0·41 | 15/169 | 8·9 | 0·87 | 0·46, 1·65 | 0·80 | 0·39, 1·62 | ||
| ≥35 | 76 | −0·07 | 1·36 | 0·38 | 0·08, 0·67 | 6/76 | 7·9 | 0·77 | 0·31, 1·90 | 0·67 | 0·24, 1·82 | ||
| Mother's education | |||||||||||||
| Secondary/tertiary | 699 | −0·14 | 1·15 | – | – | 45/699 | 6·4 | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | ||
| Primary/none | 795 | −0·46 | 1·16 | −0·21 | −0·34, −0·09 | 0·001 | 74/794 | 9·3 | 1·49 | 1·02, 2·20 | 1·33 | 0·88, 2·02 | 0·173 |
| Mother's income (Ush) | |||||||||||||
| >60 000 | 101 | 0·33 | 1·22 | – | – | 3/101 | 3·0 | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | ||
| ≤60 000 | 1357 | −0·36 | 1·14 | −0·44 | −0·69, −0·19 | 0·001 | 113/1356 | 8·3 | 2·97 | 0·93, 9·52 | 1·99 | 0·60, 6·64 | 0·222 |
| Birth weight | |||||||||||||
| Normal, ≥ 2·5 kg | 1397 | −0·26 | 1·15 | – | – | 100/1396 | 7·2 | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | ||
| Low, <2·5 kg | 89 | −0·99 | 1·16 | −0·73 | −0·98, −0·48 | <0·001 | 18/89 | 20·2 | 3·29 | 1·88, 5·73 | 3·00 | 1·62, 5·53 | 0·001 |
| Early weaning‡ | |||||||||||||
| No | 1134 | −0·26 | 1·15 | – | – | 77/1134 | 6·8 | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | ||
| Yes | 353 | −0·47 | 1·20 | −0·17 | −0·31, −0·03 | 0·020 | 43/352 | 12·2 | 1·91 | 1·29, 2·83 | 1·77 | 1·16, 2·71 | 0·010 |
| Household socio-economic index§ | |||||||||||||
| 1 (low) | 80 | −0·37 | 1·02 | – | – | 0·011 | 3/80 | 3·8 | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 0·128 |
| 2 | 122 | −0·58 | 1·15 | −0·20 | −0·52, 0·13 | 0·012 | 12/122 | 9·8 | 2·80 | 0·76, 10·26 | 2·87 | 0·77, 10·74 | |
| 3 | 459 | −0·45 | 1·20 | −0·06 | −0·34, 0·21 | 48/458 | 10·5 | 3·00 | 0·91, 9·89 | 3·00 | 0·90, 9·99 | ||
| 4 | 411 | −0·32 | 1·15 | −0·04 | −0·32, 0·24 | 33/411 | 8·0 | 2·24 | 0·67, 7·49 | 2·50 | 0·74, 8·49 | ||
| 5 | 312 | 0·00 | 1·07 | 0·21 | −0·08, 0·50 | 14/312 | 4·5 | 1·21 | 0·34, 4·30 | 1·59 | 0·44, 5·76 | ||
| 6 (high) | 84 | −0·81 | 1·02 | 0·01 | −0·36, 0·37 | 8/84 | 9·5 | 2·70 | 0·69, 10·57 | 3·69 | 0·92, 14·76 | ||
| Asymptomatic malaria at age 1 year | |||||||||||||
| No | 1416 | −0·29 | 1·16 | – | – | 109/1415 | 7·7 | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | ||
| Yes | 76 | −0·66 | 1·19 | −0·14 | −0·42, 0·13 | 0·311 | 10/76 | 13·2 | 1·82 | 0·91, 3·63 | 1·28 | 0·60, 2·73 | 0·538 |
| Episodes of malaria during pregnancy | |||||||||||||
| None | 1034 | −0·24 | 1·15 | – | – | 0·008 | 75/1033 | 7·3 | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | 0·0894 |
| One | 258 | −0·40 | 1·13 | −0·13 | −0·28, 0·03 | 0·002 | 20/258 | 7·8 | 1·07 | 0·64, 1·79 | 1·03 | 0·61, 1·74 | 0·052 |
| Two or more | 176 | −0·58 | 1·27 | −0·28 | −0·47, −0·09 | 24/176 | 13·6 | 2·02 | 1·23, 3·29 | 1·85 | 1·09, 3·14 | ||
| Maternal CD4 cell count | |||||||||||||
| >350 cells/mm3 | 61 | −0·56 | 1·27 | – | – | 9/61 | 14·8 | 1·00 | – | 1·00 | – | ||
| ≤350 cells/mm3 | 21 | −0·41 | 1·27 | 0·00 | −0·00, 0·00 | 0·110 | 5/21 | 23·8 | 1·81 | 0·53, 6·17 | 3·13 | 0·61, 16·12 | 0·169 |
WAZ, weight-for-age Z-score; Ush, Uganda shillings.
*
Underweight: a reflection of low weight-for-age (WAZ <−2).
†Adjusted differences and odds ratios estimated from multivariate linear and logistic regression models that included maternal age, maternal education, income, household socio-economic status, episodes of malaria and HIV exposure.
‡Early weaning: introducing cow's milk at or before the age of 6 weeks.
§Household socio-economic status is a score based on building materials, number of rooms and items owned (‘1’ representing lowest and ‘6’ representing highest status).